The Political & Economic Modernization of Indonesia

112, 113). Despite this progress, Dunung (1995) says that Indonesia remains "a very poor country with low levels of education" (p. 213). Since 1970, its gross domestic product per capita per annum has risen from $80 to $1,300, an impressive achievement but passive less than half of that in other newly industrializing countries (NICs) of vitamin E Asia, such as South Korea and Taiwan.

Because of its inability to pay its orthogonal debt of $70 million, the failure of 16 of its banks, an annual domestic splashiness of 40 percent-50 percent, a decline of about 350 percent in the foreign exchange value of the rupiah in less than a year, growing unemployment and food shortages, Indonesia has recently been forced to appeal to the multinational Monetary Fund (IMF) for a vauntingly ($43 billion plus) financial bailout package ("Once", 1998, February 21, p. 37; Sanger, 1998, March 8, p. 4(1)). Since it must implement financial austerity measures to restore its international solvency, Indonesia faces the possibility, at least in the short term, of a declining economy and emergent mass discontent, all of which are coming at a time when the

Simanjuntak (1994, p. 302) suggests that more outright unites the educated elites in Indonesia than was true in the 1950s: public opinion in national unity, a common stake in economic progress, combined with a commitment to free markets and their general detestation of the nepotic family enterprises protected by the Suharto regime. Simanjuntak says the power of these groups is growing with all(prenominal) step taken under the New Order toward deregulation, de-bureaucratization and decentralisation in the economy.

Sanger, D. E. (1998, March 8). Living dangerously. Indonesian faceoff: Drawing production line without bombs. New York Times, pp. 4(1), 4(18).

Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1989). The civic virtue.

Newbury

30+-year military rule of Suharto is in all likelihood nearing its end. The Economist said in 1997, "Some sort of general change is inevitable. That is likely to mean a power postulate among the elite, heightened social tensions and more violence" ("Suharto's", 1997, July 26, p. S4). What do Indonesia's history and developmental theories suggest will be its likely direction?

Inglehart, R. (1997). modernisation and post modernization. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Said, S. (1990). Genesis of power. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

During this period, greatly expanded oil revenues financed substantial state investments in basic infrastructure and education. Liddle (1994) says the New Order essentially involved a "trading of economic goods and services to many large and politically important civilian groups in return for the word sense of military rule" (p. 295). However, Grandjean (1993) says the following:

Crouch, H. (1980). The trend toward authoritarianism: the post-1945 period. In H. Aveling (Ed.), The development of Indonesia (pp. 166-204). New York: St. Martin's Press.

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