The Spirit Catches You and You fall down Assignment

The Spirit Catches You and You fall ingest - Assignment ExampleI would answer respond yes assumption that the author was evenhanded in her demonstration of Hmong culture and medical culture.The tumultuous history has greatly influenced the Hmong culture. Their fighting and fleeing from persecution which made them undergo a gang of torturous events such as their livers and kidneys being extracted from their bodies. In this case, their culture includes many folktales and beliefs that relate to these events. For instance, the Hmong believed that the American repairs were nutriment on the liver, kidneys and hearts of Hmong patients when they die.The Hmongs view of medicine is opposite from the doctors concept. Western medicine is specialized and scientific. The Hmong detection of medicine is that life, death and life after death are interconnected. According to Anne, when Lia fainted, her parents assumed that her soul was stimulate and thus fled from her body as a end point (Fadi man, 28). The Hmongs most important duty is to comply and conserve their religion. On the other hand, the doctors most important duties are to ensure the meliorate of a patient. This two aspects conflict when the doctor prescribes medicine for a Hmong patient and the Hmong patient chooses to ignore the doctors instructions because of religious and cultural values.Doctors should understand that the Hmong belief is that diseases occur as a result of fugitive souls and can be cure by sacrifice of animal shamanism (Fadiman, 77). In the equivalent way, the Hmong society should understand that doctors are professionally trained to handle medical issues. In this case, both parties may find a common ground to argue or relate thus find a solution to conflict between traditional culture and modern medicine.Lia was eventually taken into foster heraldic bearing until she recovered fully. The foster care parents were amazed by Foua and Nao Kao decision of denying their daughter medical righ ts in check to cultural beliefs

Narrative and research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Narrative and research - Essay ExampleAbdullah was a bright student. Every time after stepping out of the exam hall, he employ to say with a smile, Ill rank this time also, the subject was so good. The teachers utilise to praise him so much. He was good at sports even and be our school for the interschool competitions within the region. He used to take tuitions from the best teachers and he al counselings outshined at every occasion. I could remember that the only thing that was not perfect in his life was the differences surrounded by his parents. Abdullah used to live beside my house and I could hear his parents fighting most of the time. A huge machine used to come at the schools gate for picking him from school and my friend used to offer me a ride every day. The way to home was a memorable journey we used to switch on the music player and then used to talk about our teachers, friends and mocked them. We giggled throughout the way hardly as soon as the car used to get clos er to our home, Abdullahs smile used to disappear. He never felt comfortable about his parents fights which were audible from a distance. I could read the expression on his face which was nervous and ashamed at the same time. sometimes when his parents fought, he came running to my house asking for a draw or an eraser, and I could understand that pencil or eraser was just an excuse to stay away from the circumstance in his home. During weekends, when I and my family used to go for an outing and my father used to drive out the car from the garage I noticed Abdullah stand in his balcony and staring at us with a sad face. I felt bad for him but then I was too young to do anything to help him out. He had no sibling and he was the only child of his parents. Often Abdullah used to tell me about his worries and he used to savour derangement about those fights. Then gradually Abdullah started performing poorly in the exams. He even started missing the rhythmical classes. When asked, he often replied, Im not well. One thing must be mentioned in this context. The parents of the new generation focus a lot on the material comfort of their child. As a result the demands of the child grow at a greater pace. Moreover working parents feel guilty that they are not spending sufficient time with their kids. Thus the parents keep expecting that their child willing be satisfied if they are offered with the latest gadgets and it would compensate their absence. Thus, the emotional attachment among the new generation kids with their parents sewer be found to drop at an increasing rate as the kids consider their parents as person who will meet their demands. The same thing happened with Abdullah. He never had to request his parents for anything. He had all the luxuries and creature comforts a person can think of except a peaceful and happy life. He seldom talked with his them. Things turned worst when his parents decided to get separated. We were just 13 then and I found Abdu llah academic session at a corner of the bench during lunch hours weeping silently. I asked him why he was upset. He said he was unable to decide with whom he should stay for the rest of his life, as he birth to choose either his mother or his father, But I love them both, said Abdullah. For the introductory time I myself felt like crying seeing someone elses tears. Then Abdullah locomote to a different place with his mother and his father stayed beside my house alone. I started missing my friend a lot but time is the best

Performance management and strategic human resource management Essay

Performance prudence and strategic humanity resource foc employ - Essay physical exertionPerformance management and strategic human resource managementThe paper identifies that total act management is a means of linking up a firms strategic goals and strategic human resource goals with the actual performance of members of the organisation. This is done through the creation of metrics that reflect the realities of the firms strategic blueprints and its implications in reality. Performance management is diametric from performance estimate because the latter is an isolated process that does not integrate elements of the firms strategy. The research studies the linkage amid strategic human resource management and corporate strategy. It establishes that performance indicators set in the strategic plan forms the impetus for performance management. And this includes the direct targets and expectations of the human resource management unit and component. The study also concludes tha t workers be essential in all performance management processes and drives. Workers need to be given important teaching and sensitization before performance management processes commence. Once it is done, workers must be made to give their feedback on how to improve the system and enhance the processes. This enables a firm to attain optimal and improved results from their performance management processes and systems. Performance management is a critical aspect of strategic human resource management. Its predecessor, performance appraisal was somewhat isolated. However, performance management is born out of strategic human resource management. Strategic human resource management is defined as an approach to human resource management that has the goal of using people most wisely with respect to the strategic needs of the organisation.

Meeting the Challenge of Sustainable Business' - Cork Industry in Term Paper

Meeting the Challenge of Sustainable Business - bottle cork Industry in Portugal - Term Paper ExampleInternationalization strategies vary from company to company. For instance, a company may take to seek a different strategy after an in depth analysis of the target foodstuff and the type the business or the line of products the company deals in. however, for a company that want to survive it has to guarantee that its strategy is effective and efficient. This paper tries to analyse the sustainability strategy for Amorim.The Amorim Company focuses on the Cork products business. Its research and innovation subdivision contributed vastly towards the discovery, examination and implementation of the most appropriate practices in cork up oak quality in Portugal. The department further develops in-depth studies into the cultivation of the oak trees that provide cork harvests. In order to crack sustainability, Amorim fosters strict association with both external and internal research platforms. This strategy aims at guaranteeing the quality of cork oak by-products, as well as the vitality of the forests. Therefore, the company collaborates with institutes associated with forestry and agriculture. The paper analyses the business strategies, PESTEL Analysis and the trends that butt on the company.Despite not owning a forest, the Amorim Company focuses on the Cork products business. Its research and design department contributed immensely towards the discovery, examination and implementation of the most appropriate practices in cork oak forest in Portugal. The department further develops in-depth studies into the cultivation of the oak trees that provide cork harvests. As a result, the company provides the appropriate mechanisms for diseases and pests hold up of the oak tree (Aronson, 2009, 5).The West Mediterranean Basin boasts of two point two million hectares of Cork oak forests. Roughly ninety percent of the forest area of the cork oak species can be found i n Spain, Portugal, Algeria and Morocco. Farmers in this regions

International Human Resources Managemnt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Inter subject argona mankind Resources Managemnt - Essay ExampleWe will briefly start with the destiny of international human resource management, followed by the increase in problems and hurdles and fin entirelyy highlight the key strategies that should be adopted to have a strategic international HRM in order to achieve an added or competitive advantage (Lane 2000). This will accept a special focus on dealing with expatriates. In the end we will sum it up with certain recommendations and conclusion.Globalization has accelerated greatly in the last few decades. Organizations are crossing phones all through opening branches or subsidiaries in other nations or simply hiring individuals on a vex basis. However, one major misconception is that due to globalization labor environment has become uniform. Though super national bodies such as European Union are trying to develop consistent policies across all nations they are still at a very initial level. Therefore, there is a dire n eed for having unique HRM policies and strategies for every state in which the business is operating (Caluwe 2000). In this situation the real perplexity arises when there has to be a balanced developed between an integrated HRM practice across border and at the same time keeping consideration of the local perspective. Organizations need to spread their competent policies to other sides of the business. This means that if there is an effective strategy in place at the home ranch it has to be introduced in other nations too for competitive advantage.As mentioned in the introduction, there are many factors that fetch international HRM more complicated and act as a hurdle in achieving a hygienic management system of human resource. Some of them are as follows1. Legal laws and policies Every country has its cause labor laws and rights protection policies. Further, how well are they enforced is another factor that differs from one state to another. Multinationals that are present in Europe as well as India have to

What Do I Want To Get Out of Communication in Public Organizations Essay

What Do I Want To Get Out of converse in Public Organizations Class - Essay ExampleI intend to understand the professional uses of chat from the class. The models of converse form the core of understanding the use language and communication skills in diverse scenarios. subordination of effective communication skills defines professionalism. The focus on the use of professionalism in communication is essential to the management processes. That justifies my objective to have a perfect mastery of professionalism in communication.Communication for personal attributes also helps individuals by enhancing their relationship with others. I expect to develop good personal relations with everyone with whom I interact. It provides preparation for practical approaches to communication with people from diverse cultures at the workplace. The classes should help me shape my relationship with other people and professionals through steep level of competence in communication. The class should e nhance my understanding of various communication models. Understanding the models of communication will help develop desired relations with other people. Further, I intend to master friendship of public relations for international organizations. The class will enhance my knowledge of creating proper organizational reputation. be the class, therefore, constitutes a fundamental aspect of in enhancing my professional

Fatalistic Attitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fatalistic Attitude - Essay ExampleFollowing phratry 11, American perceptions of people from Middle Eastern countries underwent a dramatic shift. Many citizens propelled by popular media and ethnic and religious mis understanding have demonized Arab-Americans, making it more difficult for them to function happily and safely inwardly our society. The more narrow-minded have gone so far as to blame any person of hailing from this basic region of the world as anti-Christian, American-hating zealots who only come to the U.S. to undermine our freedoms and safety. While this is obviously non the case, as a result Arab-Americans, particularly those who actively practice the Muslim faith, are marginalized or sometimes outright despised by their fellow citizens.While this it is entirely inaccurate to blame all Arabs for the events of the past tense decade, many people from this cultural/ethnic background simply attempt to keep their heads down and watch for public sentiment to change. They do not believe that any amount of campaigning for cultural understanding or open exchange of ideas will affect a true change in their circumstance within American society. Though over time it is likely that these prejudicial and inaccurate perceptions will no longer be equated with Arab-Americans as an absolute negative, it is the way in which fellow citizens interact with this subgroup on a daily basis which will most effectively alter the current attitudes and ideas existent in our culture. In addition to this, media coverage should be limited to factual relation without emphasis on ethnicity and instead levy cultural understanding which would also be an important factor in changing the overall perceptions of Arab-Americans in our society

History of American policing(5 pages), history of Gainesville, Georgia Essay

History of American policing(5 paginates), history of Gainesville, Georgia police force discussion section - Essay ExampleThe urban center of Detroit in the same year decided to have the first group of civilian people to be already considered as officers. Then finally in 1804, there was already the existence of mobile rubber to be used by the officers (Morris, 1999, page xxxi-xxxvi).It was in the year 1844 when in New York, the first police department was modeled together with Peel law officials. These American watchmen were expected to roam around the city as silent as they could and they had to stand up straight and listen to intently. They were also required to guard the weather conditions along with the street lamps. Each time they had to do their job, they had to say the statement The police department and the police force, has the power and it is their duty at all times of the day and night to protect the bread and butter and property, pr counterbalancet crime, detect a nd arrest offenders, and preserve the public peace and enforce all laws, ordinances and provisions of the administrative code over which the police department has jurisdiction. This is the start of their oath of protection for the people of America (Morris, 1999, page xxxi-xxxvi).But aside from the short summary of how policing came to America, as stated above, there are still a lot of happenings that should be considered as one tries to study the existence of police officers, the department and their duty to people. shortsighted details must also be considered as part of its history.One of these important information that demand to be acknowledged is the office of the sheriff being very ancient. The history of the office can be think to the institution of the kings reeves whose main purpose is to guard over the kings possessions and even interests in the nineteenth century. At the end of the century, the guard has already owned or acquired for himself power for design and finan ces. For the same reason, his position got elevated to being a shire and no longer just an

Critically Assess the Difference between Labour Standards and Labour Assignment

critically Assess the Difference between take Standards and Labour Rights with Reference to the Work of the International Lab - date ExampleIntroduction The United Nations was established in 1945 to maintain global peace, to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations spectacular and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to win social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.1 It discharges its functions effectively through the move arounding(a) of a number of specialized organizations like the Food and Agriculture geological formation of the UN (FAO) that aims to reduce hunger and scantness by developing agriculture and providing healthy dietary intake2 , the World Health Organization (WHO) that strives for the control and eradication of diseases, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that works for monetary cooperation among nations and many another(prenominal) more.3 One much(prenominal) organization is the International Labour Organization (ILO) that promotes social justice for laborers and aims to elevate the standards of labor rights and practices. ... bor compensation, social insurance, paying vacation, safety of industrial workers, employment service and labor inspection.5 The achievements of the ILO in the following of its objectives have been many like the Tripartite Meeting on Safety and Health in the fishing industry in 1998-99 that set safety standards for fishermen.6 However, the deviation of the actual labor standards in comparison to the labor rights stated by the ILO is a subject seeking great evaluation. In this context, research in labor policies initiated by the ILO is of vast relevance. The paper will presently address this problem of divergence of labor practices from the standard labor rig hts inclined by ILO. Labour Standards of the ILO The labor standards theoretically stated by the ILO are reflective of its objectives and goals but whether or not these standards are applied in reality, in case of all member nations, is debatable. Statement of Labour Rights In 1995, five broad fundamental rights were identified by the ILO, addressing men, women and baby birdren workers of the world. They are freedom of association, right to tog out and bargain collectively, freedom from forced labor, right to equal remuneration and non-discrimination in employment and the abolition of child labor.7 Freedom of Association implies that workers have the right to associate with one another and form unions or groups for the pursuit of a common objective or goal. The common objective is usually something aimed at improving the conditions of work for the laborers.8 Freedom to organize and bargain collectively states that the workers have the right to organize themselves into trade union s and other organizations. corporate bargaining occurs between these bodies and the management of a company on a variety of issues

Public Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public establishment - Essay ExamplePublic Administration is a branch of political science which deals with those agencies that perform functions related to the politics. It is related to the allotment of public programs and those who performance in it communicate with the residents of their country or community. Public Administration can be divided into deuce categories direct and indirect. The direct judicatory is the provision of services like electricity, insurance, delivery of emails etc. Indirect administration includes the contracts that government makes with private organizations of people in order to provide goods and services to citizens. Public Administration is the implementation of a public law. It to a fault includes regulation, telling people and organizations what they could or could not do. It is the responsibility of the government to manage different functions like taxation, public spending like provision of street lights, unemployment benefits etc. The majori ty tasks of the government argon performed by bureaucrats who have to think of solutions to the challenges faced by the society. A public administrator also performs duties like creating government policies, advising officials and setting budgets etc. Public administration works on how government decisions are made and even how to implement those decisions. An example of the tasks performed by public administration officials includes coming up with competent solutions to different problems or issues prevalent in a society like introducing rehabilitation programs for criminals etc.

Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Poetry - leaven ExampleI feel that the poet has tried to connect the moves of gymnastics with love and life. People rise and communicate in life just like gymnasts rise and fall on their tracks. The poet talks about gymnasts, who whitethorn be walking straight on the balanced beams, only they are not so in effect(p) to walk straight on the path of love. They may be well prepared with powdered palms, yet the path of love and life is so slippery that they find themselves incapable of dealing very proficiently with the ups and downs of life. I can very well imagine that all they have are ropes of no hope, to which they are clinging. They think that these ropes will save them from falling or that these ropes are strong reliever for their feet but, what they do not understand is that there is no hope attached to these ropes. These ropes are unfaithful, or in other words, this support is weak. And I feel sorry to think that, when they grow old, broken and bruised, they look into thei r lives as if they were nightmares.In the poesy, doled out, written by Erin Badough, I feel that the poet has talked about how he fears the quick passing of epoch, and future. The tick-tick-tick of the clock re heads him of his low present and dreadful future. It is a harsh reality of life, as I see, that man fears the passing of the time because he fears his mortality. He fears what lies ahead of him. Therefore, he feels chained to time. The narrator dreads a future filled with hammers and nails and erose blades, which are only metaphors that are talking about hardships that life offers. He wishes to put his thoughts into the readers mind so that the latter may well know what he thinks and feels. I feel that this poem is a superb example of how man goes from one phase of life into another, and what wishes and fears he has in his mind while he looks at the clock, doing tick-tick-tick. Anyone can relate to this poem, because it is the story of

Propsal Essay revison Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Propsal revison - set about ExampleThe immediate effects anticipated in these circumstances are extreme reduction in the ingenuity and creativity among the working group often leading to lower productivity levels. such figure of situations could also result in the lowering loyalty to their task that ultimately causes radical reduction in the profits.Various successful initiatives have been reported across the world towards the retention rate of the employees in the organizations, ex study at NASA. The aerospace industry faces Herculean tasks of retaining a satisfied team with very few graduating into the engagement scene from the schools. Therefore the committed and capable team being forced to look out for replacing employment the shortage of adequate talent and high pressures on meeting the specific business targets. The research on NASA Marshall Space Flight Centre shows that practicing appropriate and innovative ways to retain their employs is baccate (Herdey et al, 2008). Ineffective understanding and communication are the reasons that often turn employees restless and lead to disastrous outputs. Such a scenario finally ends in job switching, where he hopes to have better environment of work. To take put up of such migration across organizations, divers(prenominal) techniques are practiced to boost motivation. And from a large pool of different methods, motivator systems are found to be most widely practiced. But most often the incentive systems make the employees to orient them towards the inventive component rather than achieving organizational goal. Also, an effective incentive, that promotes retention, drastically varies across persons, teams, companies, organizations and customers (Pavla, 2002).Quanta Energized Services, largest galvanizing service contractor which provides total system solutions to the new challenges emerging in the electrical utilities sector resulting from deregulation and open transmission. The major business activities are related to the maintenance,

Ultrasound portfolio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ultra vigorous portfolio - Research Paper ExampleScientists swallow to scrutinize on the coalition and de coalition of extremist break in the transmitting medium, such as water or air. This is only through with(p) successfully when the velocity of the traveling conk out is constant while in the transmitting medium. Therefore, a fair explanation denotes that around is the epitome of longitudinal waves considered to be in an oscillating movement, which goes back and forth. The oscillation is considered to be in the same direction as the traveling sound waves, on that pointby encompassing successive zones of compression (Gent 1997). Similarly, the indulgence of successive zones of compression leads to rarefaction. Fig. 1 Courtesy of Hendrick, W., Hykes, D. and Stachman D. (2005) Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation. New York Elsevier-Mosby. In the work up above, it is evident that there is a consistent flow of waves, as reflected from the compression and transverse waves. In t his epithet above, the top waves denote the compression wave, while the bottom denotes the transverse wave. This is a consistent flow of sound waves, used in the physical examination of the principles underlying sound waves. The audible frequency in this plot is considered to be in a kind of consistent frequency, which is used as one of the physical principles of ultra sound. ... Movement in Doppler ultrasound is detected when there is a change in the sound frequency. The sound frequency change is evidently seen as the movement reflects visible change. When sound is exposed to different mediums, it is punctually reflected, depending on the reflecting bob up. After a reelection, the surface will detect the direction of the sound. In addition to this, the reflecting surface will dictate change in the frequency of sound, thereby changing its frequency over time. Transducers have the ability of generating electric charges when there is an applied mechanical stress or energy to their physics. Therefore, when there id a sustained operation mode in a transducer, then the voltage will have a directly proportional sound wave. However, this only depends on one principle. The basic principle in this segment is that, the voltage should never be turned off. In the end, the voltage on a transducer will gravel an equal sound wave. On the other hand, some transformers are not operated in a continuous mode. This is the pulsed mode, where the frequency has change over time. When the pulses are introduced to the transducer, it produces different wave lengths, depending on the pulsed frequency. In moist cases, the wavelength produced by ringing a transducer is doubled by the thickness. One physical principle underlying ultrasound is that, sound travels around corners. Evidently, human beings and animals have the ability to hear sounds, even when the sound is at a remote distance and around corners. This evidently shows that the basic physical principle of sound is negotia ting corners. This is scientifically referred to sound diffraction (Bates, 2004). However, there is a

FedEx The Success Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

FedEx The Success Story - Essay ExampleThis paper looks at these aspects in detail.The enduring success of FedEx has been in part due to the wisdom, knowledge and information imparted towards the employees in helping them cumulate a better understanding and applying a number of telephoner principles and policies. The philosophy at FedEx has always been mess, Service, Profit. People always come first. A deep understanding of what makes people tick, their inner psychology, motivations, desires and aspirations atomic number 18 key factors that the company strives to take into account when dealing with them. As people everywhere ar varied, FedEx accepts their diversity and understands that each private must be handled differently. The company attempts to find a common ground between itself and the guest where twain mutually agree on terms and conditions and atomic number 18 satisfied with the business goals.The second point is service. To obtain long term customer relationship, the company makes sure that its suffer philosophy, work practices are sound and credible. When its own employees and leaders are comfortable with the system and have understood it fully, they are able to serve the customer better. The service side of the business is always scrutinized and made adaptable to a changing economic environment. FedEx maintains fibre control at every level from the handlers to the customer service representatives. The third aspect is profit. Without the first 2 factors in place and functioning properly, profits may be affected. FedEx uses cutting edge technology and analytical systems to ensure that the company is on the right course. Variations in profit margins are evaluated and set against the backdrop of the big competitive economic picture and excessively internal company practices. If need be, a revision of policies are made. The company might also look into the process of innovation and how it can be improved upon. The primal pattern in FedEx is constant change and adaptation.FedEx recognizes the changing world and business environment and in magnitude to be a part of the evolution process, they have continually evaluated business models and strategies. The company regularly studies grocery trends and the competition and attempts to stay one step ahead. As their customer base expands and a diverse drop of people have varied number of requirements, customer satisfaction is very important and FedEx has addressed the expectations and desires of its customers. FedEx has also recognized that the present global economy is extremely competitive and preserving a status quo would not suffice. In order to grow, the company strives to change constantly. This means being flexible in organizational procedures. Rather than gummy rigidly to company policies, an open more adaptable policy towards change has taken place at FedEx. FedExs growth depends on successfully meeting and anticipating varying customers requirements in a compe titively differentiated manner. matched differentiation works on planning and providing customer value offers that are of better-quality that those offered by the competition and which are considered to be a better investment. In designing customer value propositions, each department and employee is this instant or indirectly participates in the development. As people are involved in the innovation process, FedEx employees are expected to believe that

Faculty of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Faculty of management - Essay Example gibe to her, Canadian businesses have stagnant maturement because they not only lack resources but they have alike not enough motivation for growth. Canadian Banks have conservative notions about businesses that discourage people to be creative. She nevertheless thinks that some of the organization initiatives like Canada Export Development and Sustainable growing Technologies have further businesses to exploit mod opportunities of growth in emerging economies. I agree with Allen that businesses must innovate to make out and expand. But at the same time, government must create facilitating surround for growth.In the current environment of advancing technology and globalization, business has become highly competitive. Moreover, process of globalization has changed the dynamics of global business. emergent markets of South East Asia, Middle East and BRIC countries offer huge potential for businesses. They are high growth markets with high i ncome where demand for new product can be easily created (Hook, 2001). This is a very central factor that must be exploited by the business community. Growth of business contributes to the growth and development of nations. Thus, it becomes imperative that businesses must constantly make efforts to expand and grow. R&D facilities promote innovation of ideas, new product development and innovation in business processes for greater productivity. Furthermore, innovative approach and resource base strategy provide the firms with unique value creating capabilities that give them distinct advantage against their rivals. As such, they emerge as critical elements that facilitate businesses to compete successfully and grow even in adverse circumstances (Coombe and Georghiou, 2002).Indeed, government initiatives are major incentives for businesses to look for new opportunities and motivate them for diversifying their interests. But unless and until they are backed by tributary environment of growth,

Structure and Agency in Revolutionary Theory Essay

Structure and elbow room in Revolutionary Theory - Essay ExampleThe school of culture and agency is based on the premise that repeated conditioning of individuals by means of their culture patterns gay behaviour. Agency forwards the notion that human behaviour is determined by free pass on that charts the way for independent action and free will in making choices. Revolutions are occurrences in governance that result to a change in leadership, which is achieved through various means. Numerous schools of thought have been forwarded in an attempt to explain and the understanding of the making and the instigators of revolutions. This authorship seeks to highlight the debate between structural theorists and the culture and agency school to the 1906 constitutional revolution in Iran.The 1906 constitutional revolution in Iran was instigated by the Shahs extravagance, which led to the exploitation and destruction of the nations economy (Poulson 104). Teheran was the seat of Persian pow er and majority of the population was composed of merchants, noble classes, ghostly authorities and the educated elite who felt and understood the consequences of the Shahs extravagance (Poulson 106). They were the main instigators of the revolution that called for the remotion of the chancellor who was to blame for the dire economic situation. After the removal of the chancellor the Shah did not change his ebullient ways and the same group campaigned and advocated for the establishment of an institution would rule by law instead of imperial and foreign influence. In the context of this discussion, the 1906 revolution in Iran can be viewed from both perspectives that are presented by structural theorists and the culture and agency school of thought. This is because according to Skocpol, there are always structural forces that be the uprising of a revolution. Persia was facing an economic meltdown under the leadership of the Shah, which means the societal anatomical structure wa s under threat (Geels 32). This is in the

Scientific breakthroughs Essay Example for Free

Scientific breakthroughs EssayScientific breakthroughs are achieved either by chance or by a thorough scientific research where people discover or come up with impudently information about the world they are living in. These research projects are designed according to a standard that provides qualitative and quantitative data through experimentation and analysis. Part of the standard in a scientific research/investigation is the questioning, followed by a potential guess or answer, before an if, thusly debate. This work at or standard is referred to as the Scientific Method. One of the most important elements in the work out of scientific method is the formation of hypothesis. Hypothesis is defined as a scholarly guess considered to be the potential answer to the question identified at hand. In order to come up with a specific hypothesis, a certain standard or protocol should also be followed. Questions resulting from observations are piled up and reworded to form a guess. The guess or hypothesis must be in a statement form and not as a question, can be experimented over a test, should be base on observations and information, and should foresee the projected results clearly.It is primarily composed of two variables namely, the independent and dependent variables. Identifying variables forms predominantly the consummate process of hypothesis formation. As known, variable, from its root word vary, is a component that changes in the process of the investigation. Upon taking one variable at a time in the formation of hypothesis, the one selected is what we chew the fat the independent one. The independent variables could be in the form of abiotic and biotic. The former are the inorganic factors of an environment tour the latter are results coming from the living elements of the environment.The dependent variable, on the other hand, is the variable that is directly examined by the researcher. Meanwhile, the researcher can use any of the three methods i n writing a hypothesis. He or she can choose the manipulation hypothesis when using the independent variable for experimentation, the choice hypothesis when examining the perceptiveness of an organism, or the observational hypothesis when observing organisms where conditions cannot be changed (UTAS 2008). References University of Tasmania. (2008). Hypothesis Formation. Retrieved March 17, 2009, from http//www. utas. edu. au/sciencelinks/exdesign/HF2. HTM

France in the American Revolution Essay Example for Free

France in the American Revolution EssayThe role of France in the American Revolution can be identified as noticeable and visible. Despite the fact that the country experienced financial difficulties, it had managed to use the American Revolution as an effective tool to weaken arch-rival in both affairs of Europe, Britain and many other countries. The position of the British Empire was seriously damaged and therefore, France expected the United States to ally with it. There are many suggestions and assumptions rough the role the country has played in the American Revolutionary War. Some argue that the sole project of the country was to revenge the British Empire as France had lost its territory in America aft(prenominal) signing the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Others claim that the country has made up decision to step in not to revenge, that because of strong desire to revenge the loss of Canada. However, the widely help suggestion is that France participated in the American Rev olution because of desperate French position in Europe. Nevertheless, America had failed to weaken the British strength and war appeared to be a tragic failure for French expectations.It is argued that the country was desperate for peace but did not attempt to betray the United States. (p. 87) Therefore, France can be defined as one of the well-nigh important supporters in American Revolution. Debt maintenance was the primary problem of the French government and the war resulted in more severe financial crisis which which provided the immediate occasion for the release of those forces which shattered the French political and social order. (p. 134)Summing up, France entered the revolutionary war in 1779 and helped the United States to drop dead independent from the British Empire. France was willing to become the first commercial partner of the newly-formed and independent United States, but its hopes failed to be realized, but France became important cunning partner. France exp ected to be recognized in the American Revolution and to be appreciated, as well as it was going to re-gain its territories in the United States.Works CitedDull, Jonathan R. A. Diplomatic History of the American Revolution. USA Yale U. Press, 1985.

Corrupt Societies Essay Example for Free

Corrupt Societies demonstrateIn todays society I commence that a lot of battalion curb become materialistic. Its a new coach purse, the brand new cell telephony from Verizon or a plasma cloak TV that is the hype and every(prenominal)one wants. Either way a person is to look at it, society is base on who has what. in that respect is an emphasis on a persons status in their society and it is very important. I always hear my boss saying its all about the Benjamins and hes right. Not a day goes by that a person doesnt think about what they want to buy next. Does this make us bad people?Have we all succumbed to an unconscious norm that is all materialistic? What is it to be materialistic? The Webster definition is that a person is concerned with material wealth and possessions at the expense of spiritual or intellectual values. I see it as a person that wants something so much that they would stop at nothing to have it whether it is by means of purchasing, stealing or cheat ing someone else out of it. Its about judging a book by its cover and not looking at the big picture of life and the terra firma around us.When my mom was younger, things that were sought after were high diplomas and bachelors degree. Now as I grow up its a masters degree and the BMW that I may drive that gives me a status in society. There are so many times when things are taken for granted and some people find nothing wrong with this. How can a person go on in life moreover wondering about if they can have that brand new car or cell phone? Do the things we have define who we are as a person? I feel that every society is corrupt in its own way. Its the people, the government, our morals, values and our adaptive way of life.This is not just in fantasy books but in our real world as well. When I see how things have changed from when I was little I wonder how it all could have happened. I remember the first computing device I ever got in my life and when I compare it to my laptop, its almost one eighth of what my whole computer used to be. But its not just the technology that has changed. Our perception of the world, the mathematical function we play in it and how that role has changed. Attitudes have changed and there is a difference between how people relate to each other.

Cell bio lab report Essay Example for Free

Cell bio science laboratory report EssayPurposeDuring this experiment we compared the hemagglutination reaction of control study A solution at 2 mg/ml in toy A buffer with the hemagglutination reaction of your own purified Con A taste that you cut previously at 2 mg/ml in Con A buffer. The purpose of this lab was to determine the strength of the reaction by performing serial dilutions on both the Con A sample and the control Con A sample, and determine through observations whether or not addition of galactose or mannose will inhibit this reaction. I hypothesize that the Con A + galactose solutions will concur get aroundial agglutination and partial no agglutination, and the Con A + mannose solutions will control on the whole no agglutination.ResultsRows A and B had half agglutination and half no agglutination, while row C had all no agglutination. Row D had half agglutination and half partial agglutination, while row E had 4 columns with agglutination and 8 columns wit h no agglutination. Row F had complete agglutination throughout. Con A reaction plate (Row/Column)ReactionA1-A6 (Control)agglutinating activity/ checkA7-A12 (Control)No Agglutination/not holdB1-B6 (Con A + galactose)Agglutination/inhibitedB7-B12 (Con A + galactose)No Agglutination/not inhibitedC1-C12 (Con A + mannose)No Agglutination/not inhibitedD1-D5 (Sample)Agglutination/inhibitedD6-D12 (Sample)Partial agglutination/inhibitedE1-E4 (Con A + galactose)Agglutination/inhibitedE5-E12 (Con A + galactose)No Agglutination/not inhibitedF1-F12 (Con A + mannose)No agglutination/not inhibitedG1-G12 ((-)Control)Partial agglutination/inhibitedH1-H12 (RBCs)Partial agglutination/inhibitedDiscussionMy hypothesis was proven correct, the Con A + galactose solutions did have partial agglutination and partial no agglutination, and the Con A + mannose solutions did have all no agglutination. This means that in the Con A + galactose solutions the ones that had agglutination the red cells aggregate wi th the lectin and sediment in the form of a uniform layer that covered the whole bottom of the surface including the slopes, and in the Con A + mannose solutions the ones that failed to have agglutination take place covered only part of the bottom. We found through this experiment that the control Con A sample and the Con A sample had very similar strengths of reaction.ConclusionIn this experiment through serial dilutions on a 96 well plate we determined the strength of the each reaction on both the Con A sample and the control sample. We found through our experiment that the addition of galactose or mannose will partially inhibit or inhibit the reaction between our Con A sample and control Con A sample.

Southwest airlines Essay Example for Free

south-west airlines EssayAnalyzing southwestward Airlines organizations harmony is in truth challenging. Using the Mckinsey 7S Framework will make this process easier. The Mckinsey 7S Framework is made up of hard elements and emollient elements. The hard elements consist of strategy, structure, and organisations. These ar elements in the organization that can not be changed easily. The soft elements consist of shared values, skills, carriage, and staff. These are elements that can be changed easily.The strategy of souwest is truly nique. Southwest strategy focuses on provided their service with the lowest prices in their industry. They have a ten-minute turnaround policy which allows fledges to board and leave very quickly. Southwest deals with competitive pressure by focusing on a greater competitor, the automobile. This focus keeps Southwest ahead of the other airlines. Changes in customer demand were softened by the unique staff that Southwest had. Customer service took the place of meals that would be served on short flights.Southwest has a functional structure with three levels of management. Decision making is decentralized at Southwest. This decentralized decision making is good for the total cultural of Southwest. Southwest strives to keep its employees involved with decisions. The main system that keeps Southwest going is its Human Resources system. This system ensures that the culture of the organization remains strong. This is important because it is one of the factors that keep customers returning to Southwest for all their flight.The HR department makes sure that the people it hires are willing to have fun while on the flight as well as crack a few Jokes from time to time. There are some strong shared values within Southwest Airlines. Southwests values include quality, reliability, action, informal communication and feedback. all(prenominal) of these values contribute to the customer service orientation of their organization. Sou thwest has a very unique style that it as set for itself. Decisions at Southwest are made collectively. Employees seem to be more conjunctive than competitive.Southwest is a family oriented organization that enforces its culture to the customers using its employees. There are nominal groups make within the company. The employees get together voluntarily in order to do community service projects. The Southwest staff is like a family. Many of Southwests staff is classified as couples. This helps Southwest effectively fire its family oriented culture. Selected staff needs to be fun and outgoing. The strongest skills that are represented by the Southwest employees are customer service skills.Southwest prides itself on giving the customer a great flight experience. Their staff, as stated previously, is fun and family oriented. Judging by the 7S framework model, Southwest Airlines should not take on the free flight it would get from LaGuardia. The extra flight will compromise the ten- minute turnaround that Southwest has praised itself on. This will negatively affects its customer service effectiveness which is the driving factor of Southwests culture and values. southwest airlines.

An Honourable Policy Pursued by Honourable Men Essay Example for Free

An moral Policy Pursued by Honourable Men EssayWhen Neville Chamberlain came to power in 1937, he was go forth with the problems of Nazi Germany to deal with. Chamberlain stuck to a policy of calming, fashioning peace in Europe his main aim. He went to advanced lengths to try and prevent struggle, such(prenominal) as flying to Germany and discuss problems in person (shuttle diplomacy) which had non been done before. For his efforts in trying to keep the peace, perhaps Chamberlain was an time-honored man. However there were anaemicnesses to his approach, such as his arrogance in refusing to find out to his Foreign Secretary paradise, which may be important factors to why appease workforcet inevitably failed. If non respectable, then calming was sure enough a logical policy to undergo initially. non only was Great Britain economically unprepared for a struggle, but the vast majority of British commonwealth did not deficiency another war. World War I was said to b e the war to terminate all wars, so preventing another war was certainly a logical purpose, perhaps even a moral one. At this time there was also unrest in the Far East involving Britains colonies. Britain was certainly not in the position to get involved in conflicts in the far east and in Europe. Neville Chamberlain said himself war wins nothing, cures nothing, ends nothing, therefore appeasement fronted the most obvious solution.As a politician Chamberlain had his strengths. From the stolon he never did trust Hitler or Mussolini, which means he was not totally unaware of their danger. Had Chamberlain do decisions involving Hitler or Mussolini without being aware of their aggressive natures, he would undoubtedly have been a nave and more(prenominal) than or little stupid politician.However he was careful in his decision-making and made it clear how little he sure Hitler. Chamberlain also surrounded himself with mountain he knew, and who supported his ideas. His original foreign writing table, Eden, did not agree with Chamberlains approach, and they did not get on. Chamberlain put his faith in someone he knew, Lord Halifax, to partake in diplomatic dialogue with Hitler in Germany instead of Eden. Although this was undermining Eden, it could be argued that without full support, a regime is es directially weak. Having a weak government at this time would be just the thing Hitler would look for. Therefore Chamberlain was not ab purpose to ensure he had a team of people all working toward the same goal.Chamberlains Plan Z is definitely commendable, as it shows the lengths he went to, to work out Hitlers plans and try and keep the peace. Chamberlain flew to meet Hitler in Berchtesgaden which had not been done before in British politics. Hitler wanted to reclaim the Sudeten attain, and Chamberlain agreed. Although some critics would view this as giving in and encouraging Hitler to make more demands, in the short term it was a good decision. rattli ng few people were prepared to go to war over the Sudeten land, including France who even had an alliance with Czechoslovakia.The reality of it was that the Sudeten land was a predominantly German area, and had originally been part of Germany until the Treaty of Versailles. Most people living in the Sudation land actually wanted to be part of Germany again too. Therefore most people rememberd it was rightfully Germanys anyway, and giving the Sudeten land to Hitler was a far more logical decision than going to war over it. When Chamberlain returned from Germany after his third visit, he returned with a signed agreement saying that Germany and Britain did not want to go to war with one another again. At the time, Chamberlain was seen as a hero, and in the short term, he was, as he had managed to prevent war from breaking out again.Chamberlain stuck to his view on preventing war, despite making alliances which would suggest otherwise. Britains alliance with Poland can be seen as honou rable as it was not only shining to protect Poland if it were to be invaded, but instead of encouraging war, it acted as a deter to Hitler. Although appeasement eventually failed, Neville Chamberlain was certainly honourable in his efforts to try and keep the peace in Europe.However, there were definite weaknesses to Chamberlains oddball and some of his actions. Although Chamberlain made clear how little he trusted Hitler, there were certain incidents which should have shown him that Hitler was unappeasable. level(p) before Chamberlain came to power, Hitler made clear he was more than a little untrustworthy when Eden in 1936, sent him a questionnaire asking him on his exact terms and demands in Europe, and Hitler never replied. Hitler and Mussolini later unneurotic helped in the Spanish Civil War to bomb certain cities, which would look more like radiation pattern for a later war as opposed to the actions of men implicated in appeasement. In 1937, when Eden said that Germany could chose between co-operation and force, and should they choose co-operation there is nobody in this country that would not assist whole-heartedly to leave out misunderstandings, Hitler replied This is not possible until Germany is treated equally.By equality Hitler probably meant scrapping all the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. This solvent shows that Hitler was not interested in peace, but actioning for what he wanted, which should have shown Chamberlain he was not interested in appeasement. Maybe this should have made Chamberlain realise that appeasement was a weak policy where Hitler was concerned. peradventure the most alarming indication that Hitler was unappeasable was the fact that he signed the Munich agreement without reading it finished and through thoroughly. Instead of making Chamberlain notice how insignificant this therefore made the Munich agreement, he returned to Britain as a hero. This makes Chamberlain seem much more of a nave politician than an honou rable one. Instead of pursuing with appeasement when Hitler seemed less than dedicated to it, Chamberlain should have concentrated more on rearmament and gaining allies in preparation for a war which was imminent.Chamberlain was right to an extent to surround himself with people willing to work towards the same goals, and who believed in the same as him, as without this a government is essentially a weak one. However Chamberlain was not willing to listen to opinions of people that disagreed with his in any way. This is a weakness for any politician, as politicians need to work unitedly and point out possible improvements in each others ideas. Chamberlain was not honourable in sidelining his foreign secretary Eden, as this was a sly move. Eden was interested in making allies, whereas Chamberlain was interested in diminish enemies. Instead of listening to each other and coming to a compromise, Chamberlain deliberately undermined Eden when he sent his close friend Lord Halifax to Ger many for diplomatic talks with Hitler. Not only did he fail to consult Eden on this matter, but it was Edens job as a foreign secretary to have talks with Hitler, not Halifaxs.Halifax was more of a civil servant than a politician as were many of the men in Chamberlains cabinet. Halifax even failed to recognise Hitler when he met him. This was therefore not only a sly decision to make, but also a foolhardy one, which could have ended disastrously, as Halifax did not have the skills or knowledge that Eden had. This shows Chamberlain in a far less honourable light. Both Chamberlain and Eden showed how infantile and unprofessional they were when they had a meeting with Grandi, and quite openly rowed to the extent that the following day, Eden resigned. If Chamberlain had any haleness he would have at least have spoken to Eden in private and time-tested to find a compromise. Showing a public display of discontentment within the British government could also have made Britain look weak , as so an easy target of Hitler and Mussolini.Chamberlain and Eden both(prenominal) wanted what they believed was best for Britain, however Chamberlain was domineering in his refusal to listen to Edens professional opinion. As the two of them were uneffective to come to any agreement, this shows how stubborn they both were, or at least how arrogant Chamberlain was in not listening to his own foreign secretary and effectively forcing him out of office. Another foolish and somewhat arrogant decision Chamberlain made, was to refuse to partake in an international conference proposed by President Roosevelt of the ground forces. This conference was knowing to try and solve the current problems and unrest in Europe.However Chamberlain believed the only thing that Britain could rely on from the USA was words. However Chamberlains response was instantly dismissive which could have proved dangerous as the USA was a strong ally to have. Chamberlain was against the idea of America taking the credit for solving the problems in Europe, which at this time was a rather childish attitude to take, as preventing a dictator from causing a second full-scale war was a far more pressing issue than a booking of reputations and pride. As Stanley Baldwin rightly said, Chamberlain had a nave confidence in his own judgement and powers or persuasion. This shows how Chamberlain was not entirely honourable.Many see. the policy of appeasement as a failure as Hitler seemed the character to fight for what he wanted, not have it given to him. by chance the policy of appeasement made him even more aggressive, as Hitler did not want to negotiate terms on land which he believed was rightfully his. Chamberlain seemed to go out of his way to accommodate Hitlers demands, which some believe encouraged Hitler to make new demands. Many believe the Munich agreement was a disaster, as Hitler could have been stopped if Britain had declared war in 1938. Chamberlain also failed to nominate a Grand A lliance between the USSR and USA. Hitler failed to take appeasement goodly, but nobody could be evaluate to when Chamberlain signed an alliance with Poland, as this shows even he was getting prepared for war.Appeasement was certainly an honourable policy to the extent that it was a moral and ethical one, as it was designed to prevent war. It is easy to use hindsight to discredit Chamberlains attempts, as war inevitably did break out in 1939. However he went to new lengths, such as shuttle diplomacy, to negotiate with Hitler, who was a difficult man to work with as Chamberlain admitted. Perhaps Hitler was always the stronger character and politician, who was determined to fight for his beliefs, not have things given to him, which could be why appeasement failed. However, Chamberlains attitude towards his foreign secretary Eden was incredibly arrogant. Had he worked with Eden, ensuring they built strong allies such as the USA, this could have deterred Hitler from declaring war.This shows how Chamberlain allowed pride and reputation to dictate his politics and diplomacy. Chamberlain gave Hitler too much leeway, and should have bring in sooner that Hitler was not interested in appeasement, but war. Therefore he should have put more into rearmament and ally-building sooner. Chamberlain showed great honour in his determination to try and prevent war, and in essence appeasement was an honourable policy. However appeasement was obviously failing as Hitler made more and more demands, which somehow defeats its honour. Neville Chamberlain had serious flaws to his character and dealings with appeasement which too took away from his honour, as did his and Edens approaches toward each other. Therefore initially appeasement was honourable, as was Chamberlain for pursuing it, but both began to lose their honour when appeasement was obviously failing, and Chamberlain was leading through naivety and over-confidence in his own judgement and powers of persuasion.

Initial response to Malcolm X and Black Rage Essay Example for Free

Initial response to Malcolm X and Black Rage EssayIn the essay, cornel West tries to explain how Malcolm Xs Black Rage articulation wasnt directed at exsanguine americans only, but alike to black americans who view their lives and minds through what West describes as White lenses. West also claims that Malcolm Xs root word of mental conversation would promote blacks to turn that rage to love and compass of their own culture and self worth. Another claim West mentions is that the thought of psychic conversation taken with(p) fear into black professionals, due to their constant surrounding of white social circles, but at the comparable time understand the idea precisely for the exact same reason. West compares these kind of individuals to Du Boiss idea of double consciousness. Blacks living between their own live and whites, never settle in either, that crave acceptance mainly from whites. West also believed that Malcolm X viewed black equality as a farfetched possibilit y due to the majority of white racists, and black victims of democracy. What interests me the most is that Malcolm X feared cultural hybridity however though he, himself, comes from a hybrid culture. But eventually Malcolm X began to slowly remove that fear aft(prenominal) looking into the acceptance of humanity regardless of race, class, or gender in the Islamic regimes of Muslims in the warmheartedness East.In the end of the essay, West thinks that future generations should take Malcolm Xs black rage and psychic conversation as an example of rejection to any sorts of inequality. I strongly agree with Wests idea to follow such examples in order to achieve change in human equality and acceptance.

Educational Memories Essay Example for Free

Educational Memories EssayI rootage came into Wakefield City High School on September 1994. I had to go to the hall for an assembly. I was nervous I didnt know anyone. There was no one else from my old school just me. I was sat down feeling nervous in the assembly just then the head of lower school called out my name. They decided which tutor conference I should go to Mrs Elliss classroom. I made a few friends in my class Tariq, Ajmal, Safdar and Zulfiqar. At first we all employ to have the same timetable and I would ask them which lessons we would have next and which room the lesson would be held.But then gradually we were put into different groups meaning different timetable. more or less of the teachers didnt like us. In maths we would look in the back of textbooks for answers that would be in are maths work. In scholarship we made a mess of all the experiments. I broke three beakers and dickens test tubes, at one time I squirted hydrochloric acid at the black board th e mark is still there. My music teacher want me beca white plague I was good at the essays and minor music tests. I scored a high mark in the music exam but I was awful at playing music. I blew up the keyboard adapter.We would suffer water balloons at everyone in the winter and set of bangers at bonfire week. In food engine room the teacher hated are cooking we never cleaned up after we had finished. In art we used to draw pictures on are art folders even though she told us not to draw on them. We would draw a picture of a liver floating in a swimming share and write next to it Liver+pool FC. My art teacher was Austrian and she would were these big black Ger gentlemans gentleman boots and walk very disciplined like a solider. I thought she was related Adolph Hitler.In D+T resistant materials we had a teacher called Mr Taylor. Mr Taylor was tall and was a very moody person. When he was rummy he was alright. But when he was sober he was on a short fuse. He would never repeat hims elf. If anyone in the class asked, sir what was the question I didnt understand it sir he would start shouting and check you to just do your work. He was tall skinny and atleast 30 years old. He would wear a white shirt with black pants. His hair had a lot of gel on it and his positionburns were completely shaved of.He always thought he was cool so he always brushed the side of his hair back. He never use to send assimilators to isolation but he sent me because I was outside the school uniform by wearing white trainers. Whenever he explained to the whole class the work, what we had to do. I always fell asleep. So I always washed my face before entering the classroom. If you did anything falsely he would give dirty look and make you look like an idiot as though you are stupid and not clever. In the last two years all the teachers started getting on with me. I started doing well in my science and D+T.I got a high score in my science modular tests and I was predicted a c in my fina l G. C. S. E exam. In D+T I got a c for my coursework in G. C. S. E project Table. In my final two years at school Mr Taylor would not talk about work in D+T because we know what we had to do finish the design work. Instead Mr Taylor what talk about general interests and all kinds of things that he heard on the news saw in the papers or saw on TV. Most of al this talk was irrelevant but it was just to keep us company while we were working(a) in the shop class and in the classroom.He would even put the radio on in the workshop and we would often have debates. He would view us as engineers including himself, which he was and he viewed the common man as underpaid seafarers. He told us about his last job that he would operate a machine. He would just set the material on the machine and program the machine, then he would let the labourer do all the moving and lifting basically the heavy work. He said all this with confidence thought non-of us would become a labourer, he thought we wo uld all do well with his help D+T.He developed a relationship, which went from student and teacher to colleagues, and everyone knew what to do. We developed confidence in the workshop. I would use the sander and go into the store cupboard looking for whatever I needed to assemble the project. I would use all the machines, tools and equipment in my surrounding. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mildred Taylor section.

The poem Hide and Seek Essay Example for Free

The poem get across and Seek EssayThe poem Hide and Seek was written by Vernon Scannel and is about a small fry playing hide and seek with his friends. The of import theme of this poem is isolation. There argon a few subthemes as well, such as difficulties in life, competition and abandonment. The poet uses a vast amount of literary devices, like similes, similes and personification, and writes the poem as an extended metaphor for life. He also uses a variety of punctuation which helps build up tension throughout the poem. I will be discussing the effect the poet Scannel creates by using these devices in the next few paragraphs. Vernon Scannels poem has both meanings. The obvious one is about a child playing hide and seek and then realising that his friends be possessed of left over(p) him, showing abandonment. But the deeper meaning of this poem is that the poet is actually describing what happens in life. As he shows the child starting out with full confidence at the beg inning of the bouncing, he means to say that when psyche starts off a new life they are confident and strong (Im readyCome and celebrate me ). The exclamation marks show the child is full of energy and assurance that he cannot lose the game and if we go deeper we can see that someone who starts a new life will have the comparable attitude. There are difficulties, of course, like the cold floor and the salty dark. This metaphor gives the effect of some enthrone harsh and uncomfortable, in a real life situation this would be any obstacle that is gain across. The child though, takes it all in and stays silent about it because he knows this is what he has to do to win.What in real life would be accepting any difficult challenge and accomplishing it, to get ahead in life. Scannel even presents one of the greatest fears in life isolation, in the phrase, But where are they who sought you? This shows how the cover child gets abandoned by his friends after they could not find him. R ather than let him win, they gave up and left him alone. Vernon is trying to advise the audience that when in life you face a difficult situation when you are lonely, you have to fend for yourself.Who knows when your friends can leave you? No one will care enough or only you can be trusted to take care of yourself. One last thing Scannel cherished his audience to follow was to grab every opportunity in life, rather than wait excessively grand and have them go away. In the poem when the child waits too long to uncover himself he was too late because his friends had already gone. If he would have done sooner, he might have won the game. In the same way, if you wait too long to grab an opportunity, you just might miss it out altogether.

Truth and Honesty Essay Example for Free

Truth and innocenty EssayHonesty is defined as the timber or event of being honest, uprightness and lividity also as justicefulness in speech and action. This term is very weighty as it is the truthful basis of how we carry out routine activities. While this sounds simple, its surprisingly difficult to practice. Being honest implies the bearing of an active conscience and a knowledge of ethics at the minimum. Being honest in usual life means listening to, and obeying, the voice of our conscience. For example, last Monday, I rode past a traffic waking that had just switched from green to amber. I should have slowed down and stopped instead I speeded away. Now this whitethorn not sound interchangeable a big fuss to some of us solely the fact remains that it could have been fatal though nothing happened on that day. The consequences could have been very deadly if a pedestrian had darted across the road or an impatient motorist could have speeded away just like me leading to hospitalization or death. This is a simple act of honesty which we tend to forget in our everyday life.Everybody interacts with one another and when honesty is neglected, problems tend to arise, controversies spark like a match. Honesty is the authorised factor that supports every source of information. Without honesty nobody push aside understand the simple truth. Each era we hear a person talking, it is assumed that honest words are coming out. Princip each(prenominal)y, I intend honesty is important because it provides accurate information, reflects good reference work, and builds lasting, trusting relationships.For instance, the Police Department should be very honest as the population depends entirely on them for security reasons and also for the welfare of the family. Patients go to doctors, undergo execution since they trust these people. Therefore honesty is the root that needs to be strong in every domain. If report were full of lies and false information then we would only be expected to misinterpret details all because someone decided not to be honest. In reality the simple act of telling the truth is so influential because it affects all others around us somewhere down the line.Honesty reflects good character because when people know that someone is honest they feel that they can fully trust that person. It is always cheering and reassuring when you can count on that person no matter the circumstances. One important quality that is absolutely necessary if we are to be honest is courage. This is not about physical courage but courage that comes from conviction, an essential mental quality. For, as Khalil Gibran writes, If indeed you moldiness be candid, be candid beautifully. That is, if you must speak honestly about your friends, speak honestly about their good points. Use words to uplift, not to tear down. Also, be sure to avoid rumors, for they are acts of betrayal. For many people honesty is the most important quality in a relationsh ip. Being honest, even in difficult clock, gives everyone the true information from which decisions can then be taken. It treats all involved parties with respect. Clearly there may well be times when some information should be modified, as with young children perhaps.But in most cases people appraise being told the truth, even when it is painful. It helps cherish the good memories. Trust is a huge part of the honesty stable. It is much difficult to recover trust once someone discovers that they have been deceived or lied. It can take a long time to build trust in a relationship, and it can be wiped out in a moment. Living an honest life and being true to ourselves help to maintain a brighten conscience and a healthy life, free from a lot of stress and tension. That is the value and importance of being honest.

Should Sex Education Be Taught In Schools Religion Essay

Should raise instruction Be Taught In Schools worship EssaySex breeding has widely become an important issue to be discussed not just in the homes but in addition in schools. The teaching of depend on preparation in school substructure be considered as a positive step in ensuring that the young adults get necessary virtuous tools which go out en fitting them survive in an environment heavily corrupted by media advertisements and obscene content. heartfelt morals results to healthy internal behaviors and avoidance of diseases (Oakley et al, 1995). trust can as well play a major role in preaching continence which is one of the laws taught in the church. In the paper, various reasons w here(predicate)fore knowledgeable gentility should be taught in schools ordain be discussed and the role of religion in the community in providing hinge upon education will be recognized.Sex education refers to the knowledge about intimate reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproducti ve health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, contraceptives and other issues relating to human sexual behavior (Oakley et al, 1995). In the unite States, there accept been several debates as to whether sex education should be taught in schools or not. A small percentage of the entire American population say that that sex education should never be taught in schools while most of the Americans agree that sex education is as essential as whatever other type of education in the schools.Sex education is encouraged to be taught in schools instead than teenagers relying on their pargonnts. This is because in schools teens will have a perception to sex education as both normal class work that they ar supposed to be tested on. However, in the case of sex education being provided at home, teens will barely take it serious since they have the believe that it is not really mandatory. Sex education in schools is the best idea in consideration to sex education from the parents to the children.Sex education is seen to have a vital impact in the teenagers, in diverse ways. This is the main(prenominal) idea behind parents wanting sex education taught in schools. Its at the teenage years that teens pass over introducing themselves to the concept of sex it was and then advised that it could be better if they are castn the guidance of an aged person. This resulted to sex education in schools.Fewer than half of all 9-12th grade students report having had sexual intercourse, reflecting a decline during the last decade from 53 percent in 1993 to 47 percent in 2003 (U.S. teenage Sexual Activity, 2005).It is evident that teenagers tend to be sensitive and curious about their sexuality and the same applies to their sexual being. This initiates them to go on their own adventures to try most of the things they see on television or pathfinder on the internet. Such teens may find themselves engaging in sexual activities, trying to uncov er the mysteries of their bodies. They very much do this without understanding the consequences involved such as the unwanted pregnancies, sexually ancestral diseases, and sex addictions among many others.Sex education is a crucial component in the health and moral growth among teenagers. It is quartz glass clear that youngsters derive instruction on sex and related subjects from friends, books, movies, internet, magazines and even television. The problem is that these sources may miss information on how to go about the issues in sex. As such, sex education will athletic supporter in transferring genuine information from experienced teachers and in the process also correct any misinformation that they may have (Oakley et al, 1995). This is the importance of sex education.Another importance of sex education to school students and teenagers in ecumenic is that sex education imparted through schools can prove to be a significant and effective order of avoiding premarital sex re lated perceptions, attitudes and behavior. This is so unlike in the case where parents are educating their children about sex. The teenagers will come to understand the rationale of being told to abstain by their parents. They will then appreciate advice from their seniors.Sex education in schools is encouraged because parents and guardians may shy to teach and talk about sex with their children. Teenagers therefore cannot rely on their parents for sex education, they themselves cant stand to share freely with their parents and ask questions and answer what they are asked. This is because of the fear they have for their parents, and the respect they hold for them. Such a discussion that is not free will not be effectively put in place as expected. The Kaiser Family Foundation and Harvards Kennedy School of presidential term finds that only 7 percent of Americans say sex education should not be taught in schools (Sex Education in America, 2004).Educating children and school students on sex related issues also requires one to know how to approach the subject, what information to pass on and what to hold back most of the time this is guided by the level of weigh of the audiences. For instance, a kindergarten student would be unfit for issues of emotional relations, of the effects of sexual misbehavior. All this can be carefully handled by a trained sex educator, who understands well what is fit for who. This explains the necessity for sex education in schools (Oakley et al, 1995).It is evident that many teenagers are engaging in premarital sex. This calls for the need of sex education in schools, to educate and sire the teenagers understand the repercussions of premarital sex. Sex education will help them make better and informed decisions about their individualized activities. Many have argued that sex education also helps to inflict risky behaviors in teenagers for instance, engaging in premarital unprotected sex which results in unwanted pregnancies and S TDs (Oakley et al, 1995). A plurality (46 percent) believes that the most appropriate approach is one that might be called abstinence-plus that while abstinence is best, rough teens do not abstain, so schools also should teach about condoms and contraception (Sex Education in America, 2004).Religion also has plays a vital role in the sex education for teenagers. The basic idea here is that the religious groups emphasize on abstinence than anything else. An abstinence based approach to sex education focuses on teaching the teenagers that abstaining from sex until marriage is the best mean of ensuring that they avoid infection with HIV, other sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies, as well as seeing abstinence from sex as the best weft for maintaining sexual health (Abstinence and sex education, 2010). Many supporters of abstinence based approaches to sex education believe that it is chastely wrong for people to engage in premarital sex (Abstinence and sex educat ion, 2010)Although not all abstinence programs are similar, they share the essential purpose of teaching the social, psychological, and health gains to be realized by abstaining from sexual activity. As such, abstinence education tends to include a mutual faithful, monogamous relationship in the mount of marriage. Further still, abstinence from sexual activity outside marriage is the expected standard for all school age children (Abstinence and sex education, 2010). Students should be made to understand that abstinence from sexual activity is the only certain way to avoid out-of-wedlock pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and other associated health tribulations (Abstinence and sex education, 2010).In conclusion, my personal intuitive feeling is that sex education should be taught in schools as well as at home. There are some things that as a student I would not want to ask my mom or dad because it would just be awkward and may put them and me in an awkward situation. Teach ing sex in school would answer those questions and allow the student to not feel intimidated. Also, as a Christian person I believe that abstinence should be taught in schools. Just imagine being able to tell your spouse when you get married that you have waited your whole life for them and really mean. Abstinence also teaches self discipline to someone because no matter what temptations you have you have the power to not give in. Also, with abstinence a student will not have to worry about if the girl is meaning(a) because she missed her period. You know she cannot be pregnant because you did not have intercourse. I have chosen to pillow abstinent till marriage because I promised my mom and dad I would and made a personal commitment to Jesus that I would. Also, I chose to remain abstinent because I want to and I dont have to worry about any sexual transmitted diseases.

Representation of mental health problems in the media

Representation of psychological wellness problems in the mediaMedia courses to use harsh words such as psycho and maniac as the advertise when referring to multitude with psychogenic wellness problem, which can influence the public perception. Previous look suggests that there is a strong rink among prejudicious portray of psychogenic wellness and public attitude towards mint with those conditions (Rose, 1998). This essay, aims to examine electronegative representation of noetic health problems in the media. It will be base on qualitative research method and will take a view of thematic analysis of the temperatenessshine newspaper. Result indicated that media tends to focus on the negative news as it is more news worthy, exaggerate and generalising deal with genial health problems. Recommendations suggested media should stick to facts in relation to affable health and should stop producing negative data in this field.Introduction and aimsData from 2010 survey by the UK Office of National Statistics showed that 1 in 6 adult experience at least one diagnosable genial health problem at any given time and that severity will vary from mild anxiety to conditions such as bipolar disorder (http//www.guardian.co.uk). Previous studies in this area found that pile perception were influenced by media negative representation of mental health disorders (Rose,1998), this was supported by philo (1993) who found that public attitude towards crime and mental health was based on what was presented in the media. Media representation of mental health problems tends to be shadowed with negative comments and always emphasises on the link between people with mental health and violent crimes.A hold by Cutcliffe and Hannigan (2001) examined media bailiwicking of people with mental health problems and concluded that media stories tends to be focused on force play dangerousness and criminality toward others in relation to a person with a mental illness. Anderson (2003) also suggest that the media completely focus on reporting negative take downts such as murder committed by those with mental health problems more than then the awareness of mental health. Yet there is evident that people with mental health problems do not commit more crimes than the rest of the population. According to large et al (2008) reckon on homicides due to mental health between 1950-200, they suggested that only a sm exclusively proportion of people with mental health do commit violent crimes compared to those with no mental health problems. The relationship between mental health problems and violent crimes are mostly linked to alcohol and substance abuse and not just mental health condition. Although a small proportion of people with mental health problems tends to be violent, the majority are victims of violent attacks and the media seems to for tucker produce this (www.guardian.co.uk).Furthermore, Edney (2004) Argue that even though media always features stories relati ng to mental health, those stories tend to be exaggerated and negative in torn. Anderson (2003) claimed that media stories which portray people with mental health negatively tend to gain more publicity than those which dont. The purpose of this essay is to examine the impact of portraying people with mental health negatively in the media which will be achieved by thematically analysing article from the sun newspaper. Studies such as that of Stuart (2006) claimed that, media negative presentation on mental health does have a substantial effect on people with mental health problems.Analytic approachArticle on reporting story of Raoul moat 37 was chosen from the sun newspaper from the internet dated (10th July, 2010), who shoot his ex-lover finished the window of her house and killed her then boyfriend while trying to protect her as well as living a police officer blind after(prenominal) gunning him down while on duty. earlier going on a run for almost a week and turning the gun on himself after a police standoff. The sampling method used was probability sampling. thematic analysis was busy In order to explore how people with mental health problems are portrayed by the media.Thematic analysis procedure involves different stages. First stage involved Students being instructed to develop a research question which revived to the representation of mental health illness. Stage two students had to read the article which was based on a story of Raoul Moat in order to be familiar with the data. Stage trine here students had to transcribe data from the article into text stage four is coding for themes this involves organizing words which relate to similar topics into categories which requires reading text and note down words of interest for the chosen research question, schoolbook needs to be examined closely, line by line. Stage five includes Text being re-examined to see if all the information is relevant to themes. The final stage is reporting each theme by wri ting its explanation and illustrating it with a few quotations from the original text. This will be coved in the findings section. (Boyatzis, 1998).Findings and discussionThe following themes where identified at bottom the text.Theme 1 Paranoid about the cops.Moat detested the police whom he called animals, He hated the police.called them pigs. He believed that they had something against him due to the amount of time he had been stopped before going to prison, They rile him on the outside by pulling him over in his car every five legal proceeding for no reason. More crucially, having being dumped over the phone by his then lover while preservation time in prison for attacking a relative left him convinced that she had left him for a cop. he was fixated on the other man being a police officer.. Shes dumped me for a make love pig.Theme 2 Emotional meltdown.Prior to calling Samantha from the prison phone booth, moat was in good mood he was fine before..he said he was going to r ing Samantha. But after making that call he came back a different person, the colour of his skin had changed to red and he was in ties. He completely changedHis neck and face had turned red. He was crying like a baby. Moat took all the feeling of being rejected on the fellow prisoners fuck off scam- get out of my face. he went mental one time because Eric had stuck out the place.the articles looked at referred to mental health in general and exaggerate on the actual information. Most of the information reported was descriptive e.g. media called him psycho even though there was no evidence to support that he was suffering from psychosis.These articles where published by diarist who may have little or no back ground knowledge on mental health, they are business driven and therefore look for news worth in order to exchange the papers instead of focusing on the actual facts.Media create a label for people with mental health problems such as mentally ill, and psycho.Character of inform ationMost publications relating to mental health problems tend to be exaggerated. Media we use one particular incidence (e.g. how moat had mental health) to generalised everyone with mental health condition.Most of the information the media report tends to be descriptive (e.g. how person with mental illness has committed murder). genuinely little place is devoted to explanatory information example, about causes or symptoms of mental illnesses)recommendations for good shape when reporting on violent crime stories which may be linked to mental illness Media should forfend using offensive words like psycho and nutter, be certain about the information they report instead of speculating news. They should make it clear to the reader that only a very few people with mental health problems are violent.ConclusionsPublications in media relating to people with mental health problems are negatively which paints a fancy of people with mental health problems as dangerous criminals which can l ive them being labelled and stereotypes with society.In order to remove this stigma, journalists should be provided with some guidelines where they can find information on mental health problemsIn general media coverage of mental health problems tends to be negative, Media uses harsh words such as crazed, maniac or monster to referrer to people with mental health problems. Specific conditions were less likely to be mentioned in headlines than general references like mental illness. Media representation of mental health tends to be more yellow(prenominal) headlines than sensational stories.

Cultural Features of Poland

Cultural Features of PolandTo begin with, Poland has a lot of different fire facts like physical features, agriculture, and culture features. Poland is star of the ninth largest countries in europium by the land ara. The Polish American relations were officially ceremonious in 1919. Since 1989, Polish and American relations have been strong and Poland is one of the just about stable European allies of the United States being leave of both NATO and the European Union. Poland is famous for being the home of the scientists.Poland has some provoke facts about its physical features. The official name is Polands Rzeczpospolita Polska or as in America it is called Poland. This country is located on the continent of Europe and is environ by Ger many another(prenominal) on the west. The Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, while Lithuania and the Russian land of Kaliningrad Oblast to the northeast of Poland. Poland is about 120,726 square miles in size, that is about 3 propagation smaller than the United States.Poland has many agricultural techniques as well as a great economy. Poland has the largest economy in Eastern Europe, with GDP totaling $420 gazillion in 2007. The major industries in Poland are machine building, iron and steel, scorch mining , chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, and textiles. Poland is one of the largest manufacturing industries in chemicals manufacture. Poland also has a in truth strong presence in making televisions. Most of Poland is country grounded in forestry and agriculture. A lot of Polands land area is used for farming barley, oats, rye, and wheat. In farms they raise dairy cattle, pigs, poultry, and cultivate fruit. They imported goods for manufacturing and industrial retooling, much(prenominal) as machinery and equipment, fuels, minerals, chemicals, and metals. around goods they exported were furniture, foods, motor boats, light planes, hardwood products, ca sual clothing, shoes and cosmetics. The climate in Poland is warm in the summer and is freezing cold in the winters. Poland has many land forms such as the, sand dunes, deserts, mountains, hilly plains, lowlands, and many bodies of water. Lastly, Poland has many natural resources made from minerals are brown coal,copper, zinc, sulphur, lead, and silver.Poland has many Cultural features such as languages, holidays, education, food, and recreation. One of the language the Polish people speak is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland. Some of the Poland holidays are January first New Years Day, on May 1st Labor Day, on May 3rd its Constitution Day, on prideful 15th it is Assumption Day and lastly on November 11th it is liberty Day. The education in Poland is compulsory and starts at the age of six or seven, per the Reforms of 1999, from the 0 class kindergarten (Polish przedszkole, literally pre-school) and at the age of seven, for the 1st check off of primary school (Po lish szkoa podstawowa). Compulsory education lasts nine years. An authoritative diet they have in Poland is meat. Pork is the most popular meat, and the most commonly eaten meat dish is a fried, breaded pork cutlet served with rich sauce. Beef, ham, and sausage are also eaten regularly. The meat stew called bigos is often called the bailiwick dish of Poland. Poland and the USA are two different worlds entirely. The USA is fortunate and positive and casual. Poland is cold, dark and romantic. There is an ancient feel in Poland, something just about mystical.Even Though Poland has many interesting facts, it ranks the ninth country in Europe. Ever since 1989 the Americans and the Polish are pretty strong allies they are both part of both NATO and the European Union. We learned that Poland was invaded by the Germans in World War II. Also 90% of Poles have completed at least secondary education. An interesting fact we found is that Poles eat pizza pie with ketchup and watching Home A lone is a Christmas tradition.

Radiation Protection for Angiography Procedure.

ray Protection for Angiography Procedure.Fluoroscopic unconscious process stirs the grea examine enduring shaft of weakly characterisation pass judgment in diagnostic radiology. Therefore the ir publicise rampart in fluoroscopy is actu bothy base(prenominal). Several feature and proficiencys in fluoroscopy be knowing for nourishion to the long-suffering role of during fluoroscopic mathematical work out.a) Protection to Patient* A dead-man turn is a device (switch) constructed so that a circuit closing contact gage unaccompanied be maintained by continuous pres current on the switch by the operator. Therefore, when the ma raisee is turned on by entirely smasheds, whether by the raise up thoton at the envision impanel, or by the rear pedal, this switch moldinessinessiness(prenominal)iness be held in for the machine to persist on.* The on- beat of the fluoroscopic thermionic tube moldiness be disc everywhereled by a timing device, and must end dispirit when the impression exceeds 5 legal proceeding. An audible auguryal must alert the habituater to the completion of the preset on metre. This signal leave al unmatch up to(p) perch on until the timing device is reset.* The X-ray tube employ for fluoroscopic must non produce X-rays un slight a restriction is in lieu to intercept the complete cross-section of the useful balance shaft. The fluoroscopic imaging assembly must be provided with protect sufficient that the scatter beam of light syndrome therapy from the useful beam is belittled.* Protective barriers of at least(prenominal) 0.25 mm spark advance equivalency must be use to faded scatter beam above the tabletop. This shielding does not re adorn the drag g tree branchents worn by personnel. Scattered ray of light beneath the table must be attenuated by at least 0.25 mm scat equivalency shielding.* Addition each(prenominal)y, nearly c-arm fluoroscopes exculpate water a warning beeper or light that activate when the beam is on, or so confirm both. never inactivate both warning devices, and nurture stars foot off the foot pedal whenever potential.* Methods of constraining ir beam of light characterisation embarrasso qualification indisputable that the fluoroscopy social unit is run foring properly by means of routine maintenance,o limiting fluoroscopic motion picture duration,o decrease fields of impression by means of with(predicate) collimation,o holding the X-ray first under(a) the table by avoiding cross-table lateral visualisation when affirmable, ando bringing the show intensifier vote out so apply to the perseveringb) Protection to personnelThere ar and indeed three prefatorial ways to minimize sexually transmitted illness* Reduce time of delineation* purpose the inverse unbent law-doubling your distance away arse your image* function shielding by barrierThese basics cognize as firebird Principle which is substanti al to achieved ALARA.i) TimeRadiation do drugs is directly pro grantal to the time, those by doubling the beam of light time the treat is doubled and by having the radiation syndrome time the venereal infections halved. Mevery factors impact the on time of a fluoroscopic mathematical operation.The exposure time is related to radiation exposure and exposure measure (exposure per unit time) as debates exposure time = Exposure/Exposure roamExposure = Exposure rate x timeThe algebraic expressions just now imply that if the exposure time is kept short, thusly the resulting window pane to the undivided is smallish.Method of reducing exposure time include meticulous move on planning of the modus operandi, judicious use of note enhancement, curb positioning of the persevering, orientation of the fluoroscope unit previous to beginning the per contriveance.ii) outmatchThe min radiation security action relates to the distance amid(prenominal) the source of radiation and the open(a) single(a). The exposure to the individual decreases inversely as the squ ar of the distance. This is cognize as the inverse squ be law, which is stated mathematically aswhere I is the tawdriness of radiation and d is the distance between the radiation source and the undefendable individual. For example, when the distance is doubled the exposure is lose weightd by a factor of four.In mobile radiography, where at that designate is no persistent defensive tick booth, the locomotive engineer should eat up a breather at least 2 m from the tolerant, the roentgen ray tube, and the primary beam during the exposure. In this abide by, the ICRP (1982), as con stancerably as the NCRP (1989a), recommended that the aloofness of the exposure cord on mobile radiographic units be at least 2 m long.An another(prenominal) important consideration with respect to distance relates to the source-to- go for receptor distance (SID). The stamp down fulminant infant re mnant syndrome for various examinations must ever so be maintained be driveway an in fructify SID could mean a second exposure to the affected role. Long SID results in less assembly lineive beam and so decreases the c at one timentration of photons in the enduring roles. Short SID results in the blast action and increases the patient dose. Hence the longest workable SID should be utilize in examinations. However, if a greater than standard SID is utilize then greater intensity of radiation would be required to produce the same submit density. Therefore it is recommended that only standard SIDs should be employ.iii) pervade protect influence the closely utilitarian results in the reduction of ply dose as in that location be times when the action list just must function in close proximity, even directly cines fluoroscopy. In these circumstances there simply is no substitute for the best youthful whippy school principal gloves, go on field methamphetamin e hydrochloridees, lightweight eliminate proscenium and chair lined thyroid gland glandal shield available. Appropriate shielding is mandatory for the golosh use of ionizing radiation for checkup checkup imaging. Other method of shielding includes beam collimation, protective drapes and panels.Shielding of occupational workers shtup be achieved by following methods* Personnel should remain in the radiation environment only when infallible (step behind the control booth, or leave the room when practical)* The distance between the personnel and the patient should be maximized when practical as the intensity of radiation decreases as the true of distance (inverse square law).* Shielding robes should be use as and when essential which comprise of become prosceniums, ticker glasses with side shields, business deal gloves and thyroid shields. allow aprons are shielding groom recommended for use by radiation workers. These are classified as a second-string barrier to the effects of ionizing radiation. These aprons protect an individual only from secondary ( at sea) radiation, not the primary beam.The thickness of leadership in the protective coif see to its the protection it provides. It is known that 0.25 mm lead thickness attenuates 66% of the beam at 75kVp and 1mm attenuates 99% of the beam at same kVp.It is recommended that for general drive radiography the nominal thickness of lead equivalent in the protective apparel should be 0.5mm. It is recommended that women radiation workers should cracking a customized lead apron that reaches below mid thigh level and wraps completely around the pelvis. This would use up an accidental exposure to a concept us.Other protective apparel included center glasses with side shields, thyroid shields and handwriting gloves. The token(prenominal) protective lead equivalents in hand gloves and thyroid shields should be 0.5mm.Lead lined glass and thyroid shield likewise reduce 90% of the exposure to the look and thyroid respectively. Lead lined gloves reduce radiation exposure to the transfer however they are no substitute for severe reflectivity of appropriate fluoroscopic hygiene. Gloves should be considered as an effective means of reducing scatter radiation only.2. State five clinical indications for the patient endure the angiography procedure.3. Explain the patient care management forrader, during and later the procedure out front a procedure* Patients undergoing an angiogram are informed to stop eating and drunkenness eight hours prior(prenominal) to the procedure.* They must remove all jewelry originally the procedure and convince into a hospital gown.* If the arterial deflate is to be made in the armpit or groin cranial orbit, shaving whitethorn be required.* A sedative whitethorn be dished to slow the patient for the procedure.* An IV line entrust overly be inserted into a stain in the patients arm forwards the procedure begins in case practice of medi cine or railway line products are required during the angiogram.* Be aware of and follow all topical anaesthetic Rules and protocols* Prior to the angiography procedure, patients go out be briefed on the flesh out of the demonstrate, the reachs and dangers, and the possible complications involved, and asked to sign an informed consent form.* Ensure that all exposures are justified and there is informed consent* hold up patient personal identity* commit patient comfortably flat, with arm above head where possible* Ensure all members of staff in room are draining suitable. For operations this should be lead glasses, thyroid collar and wrap-around lead apron* Check all staff are wearing radiation monitors properly* drug abuse all available lead shielding appropriately setd* Position table before masking piece* Keep tube current as low as possible and kVp as high as possible for cardiac studies, 60 90 kV is appropriate* Keep x ray tube at maximum and image intensifier / receptor at stripped distance from patient* Check all staff are as far away as possible in their role* Use dose reduction programmers when possible* Perform acquisitions on full transport where possible* Collimate closely to field of force of participation* Prolonged procedures reduce dose to the irradiated shin eg. Change beam angulations* be piffling fluoroscopy time, high dose rate time and no of acquisitions* Remember packet features, such(prenominal) as replay fluoro to minimize dose* Dont over use geometric elaboration* Remove grid for small patients or when image intensifier / find oneselfor gagenot be purposed close to patient* Check and record screening time and DAP at the end of the case and retrospect against the DRL.During the procedure* The radiologic technologist lead position you on the exam table. A radiologist a mendelevium who specializes in the diagnostic interpretation of aesculapian images will administer a local anesthetic and then arrive a smal l nick in your fell so that a thin catheter lavatory be inserted into an arteria or mineral nervure. The catheter is a flexible, dig out tube nigh the size of a strand of spaghetti. It usually is inserted into an artery in your groin, although in some cases your arm or another localise will be selected for the catheter.* The radiologist will ease the catheter into the artery or vein and mildly melt it to the area under investigation. The radiologist will be able to watch the drift of the catheter on a fluoroscope, which is an roentgen ray unit combine with a television monitor.* When the catheter reaches the area under composition, the secernate agent will be injected finished the catheter. By watching the fluoroscope screen, the radiologist will be able to see the outline of your filiation vessels and identify whatsoever blockages or other randomisedities.* Angiography procedures go off range in time from less than an hour to three hours or more. It is impo rtant that you relax and remain as distillery as possible during the examination. The radiologic technologist and radiologist will stick by in the room with you end-to-end the procedure. If you suffer any difficulty, let them know.* Angiography likewise can be performed using magnetized rapport instead of roentgenograms to produce images of the consanguinity vessels this procedure is known as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or magnetic resonance venography (MRV).After the procedure* Because stark internal haemorrhage is a possible complication of an arterial pierce, an overnight stay in the hospital is sometimes recommended following an angiography procedure, particularly with intellectual and coronary thrombosis angiograms.* If the procedure is performed on an outpatient basis, the patient is typically kept under close observation for a period of at six to 12 hours before macrocosm released.* If the arterial puncture was performed in the femoral artery, the pat ient will be instructed to keep his leg straight and relatively unshakable during the observation period.* The patients crosscurrent press and vital signs will be monitored and the puncture place ascertain(p)ed closely. Pain medication whitethorn be order if the patient is experiencing irritation from the puncture, and a cold pack is applied to the localise to reduce increase. It is figure for the puncture site to be sore and bruised for several(prenominal) weeks.* The patient whitethorn likewise develop a hematoma, a disfranchised mass created by the communication channel vessels broken during the procedure. Hematomas should be watched prudently, as they whitethorn indicate move bleeding of the arterial puncture site.* Angiography patients are also advised to get laid two to three long time of rest and simplicity after the procedure in order to avoid placing any overweening stress on the arterial puncture. Patients who experience continued bleeding or unnatural swelling of the puncture site, sudden dizziness, or chest assiduity in the days following an angiography procedure should seek medical maintenance immediately.* Patients undergoing a resorcinolphthaleine angiography should not drive or expose their eyeball to direct temperateness for 12 hours following the procedure.4. Identify the caseful of contrast specialty, the dose and delivering technique in angiography procedure.* Reducing radiation doses to the patient also generally reduces doses to the medical personnel. Angiography procedure is using fluoroscopy imaging technique which is a real-time imaging technique.5. List down the catheters and blow over telegraphs inclusive of size, play and the hole oddball that are apply in angiography procedures.The use of lead gloves during procedures is unusual as they are cumbersome and difficult to work in. The self-activating brightness control will increase the exposure to go by means of two layers and one only protects the ha nd, so if they are going to be apply a programme that sets the radiation factors rather than allowing adjustment may be appropriate. In practice, with careful collimation and attenuation to detail it should not necessary for the operators hand to be in the primary beam and only close to it for short periods. firearm doing catheterization, radiologist should do it behind the lead glass viewer which consists of lead equivalent glass of 0.25mm thickness. Geometric consideration is one of the important things in angiography because source of exposure to personnel is mainly from scattered radiation from the patient. So, it is important to minimize the amount of scattered radiation to personnel. This can be achieved by geometric consideration involving the roentgenogram tube, patient and image intensifier. The image intensifier should be as close as possible to patient to minimize the amount of scattered radiation hitting personnel.Because in angiography room is infertile for all things , personnel such as radiologist, nurses, radiographer or student should wear shoes which are prepared only. Make sure that film badges always outside personnel trunk to measure the dose receive to the personnel.The most important thing to remember is that all individuals should be fully instruct and learned to be responsible for radiation safety. social occasion of a radiation expert is essential and is particularly useful in equipment specification, assessment and persona assurance, only when also in the formulation of topical anaesthetic Rules.Technique Reduces doc Radiation Exposure During AngiographyCurrent technique requires that physicians perform radiation procedures wear lead gowns. The new technique involves use of a body distance floor mounted lead plastic panel to protect to physicians as they monitor patients angiograms and control exam table movement. An addition bar allows the physician to remain safely behind the shield and still retain table control for pan ning.In the study, researchers recorded radiation exposure to various split of a physicians body during 25 coronary angiography procedures and compared those results with radiation exposure during angiography on 25 patients using received radiation protection. A lead apron, thyroid shield, eyeglasses and facemask were used in both techniques, unless a crown mounted shield was used in the conventional technique. The researchers placed radiation badges outside and inside(a)(a) the facemask outside and inside the thyroid shield on the right and leftfield arm outside and inside the lead apron and on the right and left leg.The new equipment resulted in a 90 percent reduction in radiation exposure to the physicians head, arms, and legs. Exposure of the thyroid and torso was minimal with both techniques.Enhanced physician radiation protection during coronary angiography is readily achievable with this new technique, utter Martin Magram, M.D., of the University of Maryland medical examination Center in Baltimore, Md. Dr. Magram presented the study results on may 3 at the American Roentgen Ray Society one-year Meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia.Dr. Magram pointed out that by freeing physicians from the choose to wear lead gowns, the new technique could preserve their ability to benefit patients.It may take by years their ability to apply the skills they have developed over long careers of serving patients, noted Dr. Magram.New methods of radiation protection must parallel the development of new radiation techniques, added Dr. Magram. The samara is to limit medical workers radiation exposure with effective and easy-to-use techniques, and the use of this backstage bar and lead plastic shield may be such a technique. commentAngiography is the x-ray study of the melody vessels. An angiogram uses a radiopaque substance, or soil, to make the blood vessels megascopic under x ray. Arteriography is a type of angiography that involves the study of the arter ies.PurposeAngiography is used to detect abnormalities or blockages in the blood vessels (called occlusions) throughout the circulatory scheme and in some electronic organs. The procedure is commonly used to identify atherosclerosis to appoint heart disease to evaluate kidney function and detect kidney cysts or tumors to detect an aneurysm (an abnormal bulge of an artery that can rupture leading to hemorrhage), tumor, blood curdle, or arteriovenous malformations (abnormals tangles of arteries and veins) in the brain and to diagnose problems with the retina of the eye. It is also used to bemuse surgeons an accurate single-valued function of the heart prior to open-heart surgery, or of the brain prior to neurosurgery.PrecautionsPatients with kidney disease or wounding may suffer further kidney malign from the contrast moderates used for angiography. Patients who have blood curdling problems, have a known allergy to contrast mediums, or are hypersensitized to iodine, a comp onent of some contrast mediums, may also not be suitable candidates for an angiography procedure. Because x rays carry risks of ionizing radiation exposure to the fetus, pregnant women are also advised to avoid this procedure.DescriptionAngiography is usually performed at a hospital by a trained radiologist and assisting technician or nurse. It takes place in an x-ray or fluoroscopy suite, and for most types of angiograms, the patients vital signs will be monitored throughout the procedure.Angiography requires the guessing of a contrast dye that makes the blood vessels visible to x ray. The dye is injected through a procedure known as arterial puncture. The puncture is usually made in the groin area, armpit, inside elbow, or neck. The site is cleaned with an antiseptic agent and injected with a local anesthetic. First, a small scratch line is made in the skin to help the chivy pass. A harry containing an inner telegram called a stylet is inserted through the skin into the artery . When the radiologist has perforate the artery with the molest, the stylet is distant and replaced with another long cable called a pass along wire. It is normal for blood to spout out of the spur before the repoint wire is inserted.The guide wire is fed through the outer needle into the artery and to the area that requires angiographic study. A fluoroscopic screen that displays a view of the patients vascular system is used to pilot the wire to the correct spatial relation. Once it is in position, the needle is removed and a catheter is slid over the distance of the guide wire until it to reaches the area of study. The guide wire is removed and the catheter is left in place in preparation for the shaft of the contrast medium, or dye.Depending on the type of angiography procedure cosmos performed, the contrast medium is each injected by hand with a syringe or is mechanically injected with an mechanical injector connected to the catheter. An self-activating injector is used ofttimes because it is able to propel a large book of dye very quickly to the angiogram site. The patient is warned that the jibe will start, and instructed to remain very still. The injection causes some mild to turn back discomfort. Possible side effects or reactions include headache, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, nausea, warmth, sunburn sensation, and chest pain, but they usually last only momentarily. To view the area of study from different angles or perspectives, the patient may be asked to miscellanea positions several times, and ensuant dye injections may be administered. During any injection, the patient or the tv camera may move.Throughout the dye injection procedure, x-ray pictures and/or fluoroscopic pictures (or pathetic x rays) will be taken. Because of the high impel of arterial blood prey, the dye will dissipate through the patients system quickly, so pictures must be taken in speedy succession. An instinctive film changer is used because the manual changing of x-ray plates can eat up valuable time.Once the x rays are complete, the catheter is belatedly and carefully removed from the patient. Pressure is applied to the site with a bedaze or other weight for 10-20 minutes in order for clotting to take place and the arterial puncture to reseal itself. A pressure bandage is then applied.Most angiograms follow the general procedures outlined above, but convert meagerly faceing on the area of the vascular system being studied. A pattern of common angiography procedures are outlined belowintellectual angiographyCerebral angiography is used to detect aneurysms, blood clots, and other vascular irregularities in the brain. The catheter is inserted into the femoral or carotid artery and the injected contrast medium travels through the blood vessels on the brain. Patients frequently experience headache, warmth, or a fervent sensation in the head or neck during the injection portion of the procedure. A intellectual angiogram takes two to four hours to complete.Coronary angiographyCoronary angiography is administered by a heart surgeon with training in radiology or, occasionally, by a radiologist. The arterial puncture is typically given in the femoral artery, and the heart surgeon uses a guide wire and catheter to perform a contrast injection and x-ray serial publication on the coronary arteries. The catheter may also be placed in the left ventricle to examine the mitral and aortal valves of the heart. If the cardiologist requires a view of the right ventricle of the heart or of the tricuspid or pulmonic valves, the catheter will be inserted through a large vein and guided into the right ventricle. The catheter also serves the purpose of monitor blood pressures in these different locations inside the heart. The angiogram procedure takes several hours, depending on the complexity of the procedure. pulmonic angiographyPulmonary, or lung, angiography is performed to evaluate blood circulation to the lungs. It i s also considered the most accurate diagnostic testify for detecting a pulmonic embolism. The procedure differs from cerebral and coronary angiograms in that the guide wire and catheter are inserted into a vein instead of an artery, and are guided up through the put up of the heart and into the pulmonary artery. Throughout the procedure, the patients vital signs are monitored to ensure that the catheter doesnt cause arrhythmias, or irregular heartbeats. The contrast medium is then injected into the pulmonary artery where it circulates through the lung capillaries. The test typically takes up to 90 minutes.Kidney angiographyPatients with chronic renal disease or injury can suffer further alter to their kidneys from the contrast medium used in a kidney angiogram, yet they oftentimes require the test to evaluate kidney function. These patients should be well-hydrated with a intravenous saline drip before the procedure, and may benefit from available medications (e.g., dopamine) t hat help to protect the kidney from further injury due to contrast agents. During a kidney angiogram, the guide wire and catheter are inserted into the femoral artery in the groin area and advanced through the group AB aorta, the main artery in the abdomen, and into the renal arteries. The procedure will take approximately one hour.resorcinolphthalein angiography fluorescein angiography is used to diagnose retinal problems and circulatory disorders. It is typically conducted as an outpatient procedure. The patients pupils are dilated with eye drops and he rests his chin and forehead against a bracing apparatus to keep it still. Sodium resorcinolphthalein dye is then injected with a syringe into a vein in the patients arm. The dye will travel through the patients body and into the blood vessels of the eye. The procedure does not require x rays. Instead, a rapid series of close-up photographs of the patients eyeball are taken, one set immediately after the dye is injected, and a s econd set approximately 20 minutes later once the dye has moved through the patients vascular system. The correct procedure takes up to one hour.Celiac and mesenteric angiographyCeliac and mesenteric angiography involves x-ray geographic expedition of the celiac and mesenteric arteries, arterial branches of the abdominal aorta that tack blood to the abdomen and digestive system. The test is commonly used to detect aneurysm, thrombosis, and signs of ischemia in the celiac and mesenteric arteries, and to locate the source of gastrointestinal bleeding. It is also used in the diagnosis of a turn of events of pre tick offs, including hepatic adit vein site high blood pressure, and cirrhosis. The procedure can take up to three hours, depending on the number of blood vessels studied.SplenoportographyA splenoportograph is a variation of an angiogram that involves the injection of contrast medium directly into the quick temper to view the splenetic and opening veins. It is used to diagnose blockages in the splenic vein and portal vein thrombosis and to assess the specialism and location of the vascular system prior to liver transplantation.Most angiography procedures are typically paying for by major medical insurance. Patients should check with their individual insurance plans to determine their coverage.Aftercare RisksBecause angiography involves puncturing an artery, internal bleeding or hemorrhage are possible complications of the test. As with any invasive procedure, infection of the puncture site or bloodstream is also a risk, but this is rare.A bezzant or heart attack may be triggered by an angiogram if blood clots or face on the inside of the arterial wall are dislodged by the catheter and form a blockage in the blood vessels or artery. The heart may also become irritated by the movement of the catheter through its chamber during pulmonary and coronary angiography procedures, and arrhythmias may develop.Patients who develop an allergic reaction to the contrast medium used in angiography may experience a chassis of symptoms, including swelling, difficulty breathing, heart failure, or a sudden drop in blood pressure. If the patient is aware of the allergy before the test is administered, certain medications can be administered at that time to counteract the reaction.Angiography involves minor exposure to radiation through the x rays and fluoroscopic guidance used in the procedure. Unless the patient is pregnant, or multiple radiological or fluoroscopic studies are required, the small dose of radiation incurred during a single procedure poses little risk. However, multiple studies requiring fluoroscopic exposure that are conducted in a short time period have been known to cause skin necrosis in some individuals. This risk can be minimized by careful monitoring and support of cumulative radiation doses administered to these patients.Normal resultsThe results of an angiogram or arteriogram depend on the artery or organ system being examined. Generally, test results should display a normal and unimpeded range of blood through the vascular system. Fluorescein angiography should result in no leakage of fluorescein dye through the retinal blood vessels.Abnormal resultsAbnormal results of an angiography may display a restricted blood vessel or arterial blood flow (ischemia) or an irregular placement or location of blood vessels. The results of an angiography vary widely by the type of procedure performed, and should be interpreted and explained to the patient by a trained radiologist. hardening of the arteriesA chronic condition characterized by thickening and hardening of the arteries and the build-up of plaque on the arterial walls. Arteriosclerosis can slow or impair blood circulation.Carotid arteryAn artery located in the neck.CatheterA long, thin, flexible tube used in angiography to inject contrast material into the arteries. cirrhosis of the liverA condition characterized by the destruction of healthy liver tissue. A cirrhotic liver is marred and cannot break down the proteins in the bloodstream. Cirrhosis is associated with portal hypertension.EmbolismA blood clot, air bubble, or clot of extraneous material that travels and blocks the flow of blood in an artery. When blood hang on to a tissue or organ is blocked by an embolism, infarction, or death of the tissue the artery feeds, occurs. Without immediate and appropriate treatment, an embolism can be fatal.Femoral arteryAn artery located in the groin area that is the most frequently accessed site for arterial puncture in angiography.Fluorescein dyeAn chromatic dye used to illuminate the blood vessels of the retina in fluorescein angiography.Fluoroscopic screenA fluorescent screen which displays moving x-rays of the body. Fluoroscopy allows the radiologist to visualize the guide wire and catheter he is moving through the patients artery. black market wireA wire that is inserted into an artery to guides a catheter to a certain location in the body.IscehmiaA lack of normal blood supply to a organ or body part because of blockages or bottleneck of the blood vessels. chagrinCellular or tissue death skin necrosis may be caused by multiple, consecutive doses of radiation from fluoroscopic or x-ray procedures. boldnessFatty material that is deposited on the inside of the arterial wall.Portal hypertensionA condition caused by cirrhosis of the liver. It is characterized by impaired or reversed blood flow from the portal vein to the liver, an enlarged spleen, and dilated veins in the esophagus and stomach.Portal vein thrombosisThe development of a blood clot in the vein that brings blood into the liver. Untreated portal vein thrombosis causes portal hypertension.For Your InformationBooks* Baum, Stanley, and Michael J. Pentecost, eds. Abrams Angiography. 4th ed.Radiation Protection for Angiography Procedure.Radiation Protection for Angiography Procedure.Fluoroscopic procedure produces the greatest patient radiatio n exposure rate in diagnostic radiology. Therefore the radiation protection in fluoroscopy is very important. Several feature and techniques in fluoroscopy are designed for protection to the patient during fluoroscopic procedure.a) Protection to Patient* A dead-man switch is a device (switch) constructed so that a circuit closing contact can only be maintained by continuous pressure on the switch by the operator. Therefore, when the machine is turned on by any means, whether by the push button at the control panel, or by the foot pedal, this switch must be held in for the machine to remain on.* The on-time of the fluoroscopic tube must be controlled by a timing device, and must end alarm when the exposure exceeds 5 minutes. An audible signal must alert the substance abuser to the completion of the preset on time. This signal will remain on until the timing device is reset.* The X-ray tube used for fluoroscopic must not produce X-rays unless a barrier is in position to intercept the entire cross-section of the useful beam. The fluoroscopic imaging assembly must be provided with shielding sufficient that the scatter radiation from the useful beam is minimized.* Protective barriers of at least 0.25 mm lead equivalency must be used to attenuate scatter radiation above the tabletop. This shielding does not replace the lead garments worn by personnel. Scattered radiation under the table must be attenuated by at least 0.25 mm lead equivalency shielding.* Additionally, most c-arm fluoroscopes have a warning beeper or light that activate when the beam is on, some have both. Never inactivate any warning devices, and keep ones foot off the foot pedal whenever possible.* Methods of limiting radiation exposure includeo making certain that the fluoroscopy unit is functioning properly through routine maintenance,o limiting fluoroscopic exposure time,o reducing fields of exposure through collimation,o keeping the X-ray source under the table by avoiding cross-table lateral v isualization when possible, ando bringing the image intensifier down close to the patientb) Protection to personnelThere are therefore three basic ways to minimize dose* Reduce time of exposure* Use the inverse square law-doubling your distance away quarter your exposure* Use shielding by barrierThese basics known as Cardinal Principle which is important to achieved ALARA.i) TimeRadiation dose is directly proportionate to the time, those by doubling the radiation time the dose is doubled and by having the radiation time the doses halved. Many factors impact the on time of a fluoroscopic procedure.The exposure time is related to radiation exposure and exposure rate (exposure per unit time) as followsExposure time = Exposure/Exposure rateExposure = Exposure rate x timeThe algebraic expressions simply imply that if the exposure time is kept short, then the resulting dose to the individual is small.Method of reducing exposure time include meticulous advanced planning of the procedure, judicious use of contrast enhancement, appropriate positioning of the patient, orientation of the fluoroscope unit prior to beginning the procedure.ii) DistanceThe second radiation protection action relates to the distance between the source of radiation and the exposed individual. The exposure to the individual decreases inversely as the square of the distance. This is known as the inverse square law, which is stated mathematically aswhere I is the intensity of radiation and d is the distance between the radiation source and the exposed individual. For example, when the distance is doubled the exposure is reduced by a factor of four.In mobile radiography, where there is no fixed protective control booth, the technologist should remain at least 2 m from the patient, the x-ray tube, and the primary beam during the exposure. In this respect, the ICRP (1982), as well as the NCRP (1989a), recommended that the length of the exposure cord on mobile radiographic units be at least 2 m long. Another important consideration with respect to distance relates to the source-to-image receptor distance (SID). The appropriate SIDs for various examinations must always be maintained because an incorrect SID could mean a second exposure to the patient. Long SID results in less divergent beam and thus decreases the concentration of photons in the patients. Short SID results in the reverse action and increases the patient dose. Hence the longest possible SID should be employed in examinations. However, if a greater than standard SID is used then greater intensity of radiation would be required to produce the same film density. Therefore it is recommended that only standard SIDs should be used.iii) ShieldingShielding procedure the most utilitarian results in the reduction of staff dose as there are times when the procedure list simply must function in close proximity, even directly cines fluoroscopy. In these circumstances there simply is no substitute for the best modern flexible le ad gloves, lead glasses, lightweight lead apron and lead lined thyroid shield available. Appropriate shielding is mandatory for the safe use of ionizing radiation for medical imaging. Other method of shielding includes beam collimation, protective drapes and panels.Shielding of occupational workers can be achieved by following methods* Personnel should remain in the radiation environment only when necessary (step behind the control booth, or leave the room when practical)* The distance between the personnel and the patient should be maximized when practical as the intensity of radiation decreases as the square of distance (inverse square law).* Shielding apparel should be used as and when necessary which comprise of lead aprons, eye glasses with side shields, hand gloves and thyroid shields.Lead aprons are shielding apparel recommended for use by radiation workers. These are classified as a secondary barrier to the effects of ionizing radiation. These aprons protect an individual on ly from secondary (scattered) radiation, not the primary beam.The thickness of lead in the protective apparel determines the protection it provides. It is known that 0.25 mm lead thickness attenuates 66% of the beam at 75kVp and 1mm attenuates 99% of the beam at same kVp.It is recommended that for general purpose radiography the minimum thickness of lead equivalent in the protective apparel should be 0.5mm. It is recommended that women radiation workers should wear a customized lead apron that reaches below mid thigh level and wraps completely around the pelvis. This would eliminate an accidental exposure to a concept us.Other protective apparel included eye glasses with side shields, thyroid shields and hand gloves. The minimum protective lead equivalents in hand gloves and thyroid shields should be 0.5mm.Lead lined glass and thyroid shield likewise reduce 90% of the exposure to the eyes and thyroid respectively. Lead lined gloves reduce radiation exposure to the hands however they are no substitute for strict observation of appropriate fluoroscopic hygiene. Gloves should be considered as an effective means of reducing scatter radiation only.2. State five clinical indications for the patient undergo the angiography procedure.3. Explain the patient care management before, during and after the procedureBefore a procedure* Patients undergoing an angiogram are advised to stop eating and drinking eight hours prior to the procedure.* They must remove all jewelry before the procedure and change into a hospital gown.* If the arterial puncture is to be made in the armpit or groin area, shaving may be required.* A sedative may be administered to relax the patient for the procedure.* An IV line will also be inserted into a vein in the patients arm before the procedure begins in case medication or blood products are required during the angiogram.* Be aware of and follow all Local Rules and protocols* Prior to the angiography procedure, patients will be briefed on the det ails of the test, the benefits and risks, and the possible complications involved, and asked to sign an informed consent form.* Ensure that all exposures are justified and there is informed consent* Check patient identity* Position patient comfortably flat, with arm above head where possible* Ensure all members of staff in room are wearing suitable. For operations this should be lead glasses, thyroid collar and wrap-around lead apron* Check all staff are wearing radiation monitors correctly* Use all available lead shielding appropriately sited* Position table before screening* Keep tube current as low as possible and kVp as high as possible for cardiac studies, 60 90 kV is appropriate* Keep x ray tube at maximum and image intensifier / receptor at minimum distance from patient* Check all staff are as far away as possible in their role* Use dose reduction programmers when possible* Perform acquisitions on full inspiration where possible* Collimate closely to area of interest* Prolon ged procedures reduce dose to the irradiated skin eg. Change beam angulations* Minimize fluoroscopy time, high dose rate time and no of acquisitions* Remember software features, such as replay fluoro to minimize dose* Dont over use geometric magnification* Remove grid for small patients or when image intensifier / sensing element cannot be placed close to patient* Check and record screening time and DAP at the end of the case and review against the DRL.During the procedure* The radiologic technologist will position you on the exam table. A radiologist a physician who specializes in the diagnostic interpretation of medical images will administer a local anesthetic and then make a small nick in your skin so that a thin catheter can be inserted into an artery or vein. The catheter is a flexible, hollow tube about the size of a strand of spaghetti. It usually is inserted into an artery in your groin, although in some cases your arm or another site will be selected for the catheter.* Th e radiologist will ease the catheter into the artery or vein and gently guide it to the area under investigation. The radiologist will be able to watch the movement of the catheter on a fluoroscope, which is an x-ray unit combined with a television monitor.* When the catheter reaches the area under study, the contrast agent will be injected through the catheter. By watching the fluoroscope screen, the radiologist will be able to see the outline of your blood vessels and identify any blockages or other irregularities.* Angiography procedures can range in time from less than an hour to three hours or more. It is important that you relax and remain as still as possible during the examination. The radiologic technologist and radiologist will stay in the room with you throughout the procedure. If you experience any difficulty, let them know.* Angiography also can be performed using magnetic resonance instead of x-rays to produce images of the blood vessels this procedure is known as magn etic resonance angiography (MRA) or magnetic resonance venography (MRV).After the procedure* Because life-threatening internal bleeding is a possible complication of an arterial puncture, an overnight stay in the hospital is sometimes recommended following an angiography procedure, particularly with cerebral and coronary angiograms.* If the procedure is performed on an outpatient basis, the patient is typically kept under close observation for a period of at six to 12 hours before being released.* If the arterial puncture was performed in the femoral artery, the patient will be instructed to keep his leg straight and relatively immobile during the observation period.* The patients blood pressure and vital signs will be monitored and the puncture site observed closely. Pain medication may be prescribed if the patient is experiencing discomfort from the puncture, and a cold pack is applied to the site to reduce swelling. It is normal for the puncture site to be sore and bruised for se veral weeks.* The patient may also develop a hematoma, a hard mass created by the blood vessels broken during the procedure. Hematomas should be watched carefully, as they may indicate continued bleeding of the arterial puncture site.* Angiography patients are also advised to enjoy two to three days of rest and relaxation after the procedure in order to avoid placing any undue stress on the arterial puncture. Patients who experience continued bleeding or abnormal swelling of the puncture site, sudden dizziness, or chest pains in the days following an angiography procedure should seek medical attention immediately.* Patients undergoing a fluorescein angiography should not drive or expose their eyes to direct sunlight for 12 hours following the procedure.4. Identify the type of contrast medium, the dose and delivering technique in angiography procedure.* Reducing radiation doses to the patient also generally reduces doses to the medical personnel. Angiography procedure is using fluoro scopy imaging technique which is a real-time imaging technique.5. List down the catheters and guide wires inclusive of size, shape and the hole type that are used in angiography procedures.The use of lead gloves during procedures is unusual as they are cumbersome and difficult to work in. The automatic brightness control will increase the exposure to go through two layers and one only protects the hand, so if they are going to be used a programme that sets the radiation factors rather than allowing adjustment may be appropriate. In practice, with careful collimation and attenuation to detail it should not necessary for the operators hand to be in the primary beam and only close to it for short periods.While doing catheterization, radiologist should do it behind the lead glass viewer which consists of lead equivalent glass of 0.25mm thickness. Geometric consideration is one of the important things in angiography because source of exposure to personnel is mainly from scattered radiati on from the patient. So, it is important to minimize the amount of scattered radiation to personnel. This can be achieved by geometric consideration involving the x-ray tube, patient and image intensifier. The image intensifier should be as close as possible to patient to minimize the amount of scattered radiation hitting personnel.Because in angiography room is sterile for all things, personnel such as radiologist, nurses, radiographer or student should wear shoes which are prepared only. Make sure that film badges always outside personnel body to measure the dose receive to the personnel.The most important thing to remember is that all individuals should be fully trained and learned to be responsible for radiation safety. Involvement of a radiation expert is essential and is particularly useful in equipment specification, assessment and quality assurance, but also in the formulation of Local Rules.Technique Reduces Physician Radiation Exposure During AngiographyCurrent technique r equires that physicians performing radiation procedures wear lead gowns. The new technique involves use of a body length floor mounted lead plastic panel to protect to physicians as they monitor patients angiograms and control exam table movement. An extension bar allows the physician to remain safely behind the shield and still retain table control for panning.In the study, researchers recorded radiation exposure to various parts of a physicians body during 25 coronary angiography procedures and compared those results with radiation exposure during angiography on 25 patients using conventional radiation protection. A lead apron, thyroid shield, eyeglasses and facemask were used in both techniques, but a ceiling mounted shield was used in the conventional technique. The researchers placed radiation badges outside and inside the facemask outside and inside the thyroid shield on the right and left arm outside and inside the lead apron and on the right and left leg.The new equipment re sulted in a 90 percent reduction in radiation exposure to the physicians head, arms, and legs. Exposure of the thyroid and torso was minimal with both techniques.Enhanced physician radiation protection during coronary angiography is readily achievable with this new technique, said Martin Magram, M.D., of the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore, Md. Dr. Magram presented the study results on May 3 at the American Roentgen Ray Society Annual Meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia.Dr. Magram pointed out that by freeing physicians from the need to wear lead gowns, the new technique could preserve their ability to benefit patients.It may extend by years their ability to apply the skills they have developed over long careers of serving patients, noted Dr. Magram.New methods of radiation protection must parallel the development of new radiation techniques, added Dr. Magram. The key is to limit medical workers radiation exposure with effective and easy-to-use techniques, and t he use of this extension bar and lead plastic shield may be such a technique.DefinitionAngiography is the x-ray study of the blood vessels. An angiogram uses a radiopaque substance, or dye, to make the blood vessels visible under x ray. Arteriography is a type of angiography that involves the study of the arteries.PurposeAngiography is used to detect abnormalities or blockages in the blood vessels (called occlusions) throughout the circulatory system and in some organs. The procedure is commonly used to identify atherosclerosis to diagnose heart disease to evaluate kidney function and detect kidney cysts or tumors to detect an aneurysm (an abnormal bulge of an artery that can rupture leading to hemorrhage), tumor, blood clot, or arteriovenous malformations (abnormals tangles of arteries and veins) in the brain and to diagnose problems with the retina of the eye. It is also used to give surgeons an accurate map of the heart prior to open-heart surgery, or of the brain prior to neuros urgery.PrecautionsPatients with kidney disease or injury may suffer further kidney damage from the contrast mediums used for angiography. Patients who have blood clotting problems, have a known allergy to contrast mediums, or are allergic to iodine, a component of some contrast mediums, may also not be suitable candidates for an angiography procedure. Because x rays carry risks of ionizing radiation exposure to the fetus, pregnant women are also advised to avoid this procedure.DescriptionAngiography is usually performed at a hospital by a trained radiologist and assisting technician or nurse. It takes place in an x-ray or fluoroscopy suite, and for most types of angiograms, the patients vital signs will be monitored throughout the procedure.Angiography requires the injection of a contrast dye that makes the blood vessels visible to x ray. The dye is injected through a procedure known as arterial puncture. The puncture is usually made in the groin area, armpit, inside elbow, or neck. The site is cleaned with an antiseptic agent and injected with a local anesthetic. First, a small incision is made in the skin to help the needle pass. A needle containing an inner wire called a stylet is inserted through the skin into the artery. When the radiologist has punctured the artery with the needle, the stylet is removed and replaced with another long wire called a guide wire. It is normal for blood to spout out of the needle before the guide wire is inserted.The guide wire is fed through the outer needle into the artery and to the area that requires angiographic study. A fluoroscopic screen that displays a view of the patients vascular system is used to pilot the wire to the correct location. Once it is in position, the needle is removed and a catheter is slid over the length of the guide wire until it to reaches the area of study. The guide wire is removed and the catheter is left in place in preparation for the injection of the contrast medium, or dye.Depending on the type of angiography procedure being performed, the contrast medium is either injected by hand with a syringe or is mechanically injected with an automatic injector connected to the catheter. An automatic injector is used frequently because it is able to propel a large volume of dye very quickly to the angiogram site. The patient is warned that the injection will start, and instructed to remain very still. The injection causes some mild to moderate discomfort. Possible side effects or reactions include headache, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, nausea, warmth, burning sensation, and chest pain, but they usually last only momentarily. To view the area of study from different angles or perspectives, the patient may be asked to change positions several times, and subsequent dye injections may be administered. During any injection, the patient or the camera may move.Throughout the dye injection procedure, x-ray pictures and/or fluoroscopic pictures (or moving x rays) will be taken. Becaus e of the high pressure of arterial blood flow, the dye will dissipate through the patients system quickly, so pictures must be taken in rapid succession. An automatic film changer is used because the manual changing of x-ray plates can eat up valuable time.Once the x rays are complete, the catheter is slowly and carefully removed from the patient. Pressure is applied to the site with a sandbag or other weight for 10-20 minutes in order for clotting to take place and the arterial puncture to reseal itself. A pressure bandage is then applied.Most angiograms follow the general procedures outlined above, but vary slightly depending on the area of the vascular system being studied. A variety of common angiography procedures are outlined belowCerebral angiographyCerebral angiography is used to detect aneurysms, blood clots, and other vascular irregularities in the brain. The catheter is inserted into the femoral or carotid artery and the injected contrast medium travels through the blood vessels on the brain. Patients frequently experience headache, warmth, or a burning sensation in the head or neck during the injection portion of the procedure. A cerebral angiogram takes two to four hours to complete.Coronary angiographyCoronary angiography is administered by a cardiologist with training in radiology or, occasionally, by a radiologist. The arterial puncture is typically given in the femoral artery, and the cardiologist uses a guide wire and catheter to perform a contrast injection and x-ray series on the coronary arteries. The catheter may also be placed in the left ventricle to examine the mitral and aortic valves of the heart. If the cardiologist requires a view of the right ventricle of the heart or of the tricuspid or pulmonic valves, the catheter will be inserted through a large vein and guided into the right ventricle. The catheter also serves the purpose of monitoring blood pressures in these different locations inside the heart. The angiogram procedure take s several hours, depending on the complexity of the procedure.Pulmonary angiographyPulmonary, or lung, angiography is performed to evaluate blood circulation to the lungs. It is also considered the most accurate diagnostic test for detecting a pulmonary embolism. The procedure differs from cerebral and coronary angiograms in that the guide wire and catheter are inserted into a vein instead of an artery, and are guided up through the chambers of the heart and into the pulmonary artery. Throughout the procedure, the patients vital signs are monitored to ensure that the catheter doesnt cause arrhythmias, or irregular heartbeats. The contrast medium is then injected into the pulmonary artery where it circulates through the lung capillaries. The test typically takes up to 90 minutes.Kidney angiographyPatients with chronic renal disease or injury can suffer further damage to their kidneys from the contrast medium used in a kidney angiogram, yet they often require the test to evaluate kidn ey function. These patients should be well-hydrated with a intravenous saline drip before the procedure, and may benefit from available medications (e.g., dopamine) that help to protect the kidney from further injury due to contrast agents. During a kidney angiogram, the guide wire and catheter are inserted into the femoral artery in the groin area and advanced through the abdominal aorta, the main artery in the abdomen, and into the renal arteries. The procedure will take approximately one hour.Fluorescein angiographyFluorescein angiography is used to diagnose retinal problems and circulatory disorders. It is typically conducted as an outpatient procedure. The patients pupils are dilated with eye drops and he rests his chin and forehead against a bracing apparatus to keep it still. Sodium fluorescein dye is then injected with a syringe into a vein in the patients arm. The dye will travel through the patients body and into the blood vessels of the eye. The procedure does not require x rays. Instead, a rapid series of close-up photographs of the patients eyes are taken, one set immediately after the dye is injected, and a second set approximately 20 minutes later once the dye has moved through the patients vascular system. The entire procedure takes up to one hour.Celiac and mesenteric angiographyCeliac and mesenteric angiography involves x-ray exploration of the celiac and mesenteric arteries, arterial branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the abdomen and digestive system. The test is commonly used to detect aneurysm, thrombosis, and signs of ischemia in the celiac and mesenteric arteries, and to locate the source of gastrointestinal bleeding. It is also used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including portal hypertension, and cirrhosis. The procedure can take up to three hours, depending on the number of blood vessels studied.SplenoportographyA splenoportograph is a variation of an angiogram that involves the injection of contrast med ium directly into the spleen to view the splenic and portal veins. It is used to diagnose blockages in the splenic vein and portal vein thrombosis and to assess the strength and location of the vascular system prior to liver transplantation.Most angiography procedures are typically paid for by major medical insurance. Patients should check with their individual insurance plans to determine their coverage.Aftercare RisksBecause angiography involves puncturing an artery, internal bleeding or hemorrhage are possible complications of the test. As with any invasive procedure, infection of the puncture site or bloodstream is also a risk, but this is rare.A stroke or heart attack may be triggered by an angiogram if blood clots or plaque on the inside of the arterial wall are dislodged by the catheter and form a blockage in the blood vessels or artery. The heart may also become irritated by the movement of the catheter through its chambers during pulmonary and coronary angiography procedure s, and arrhythmias may develop.Patients who develop an allergic reaction to the contrast medium used in angiography may experience a variety of symptoms, including swelling, difficulty breathing, heart failure, or a sudden drop in blood pressure. If the patient is aware of the allergy before the test is administered, certain medications can be administered at that time to counteract the reaction.Angiography involves minor exposure to radiation through the x rays and fluoroscopic guidance used in the procedure. Unless the patient is pregnant, or multiple radiological or fluoroscopic studies are required, the small dose of radiation incurred during a single procedure poses little risk. However, multiple studies requiring fluoroscopic exposure that are conducted in a short time period have been known to cause skin necrosis in some individuals. This risk can be minimized by careful monitoring and documentation of cumulative radiation doses administered to these patients.Normal resultsTh e results of an angiogram or arteriogram depend on the artery or organ system being examined. Generally, test results should display a normal and unimpeded flow of blood through the vascular system. Fluorescein angiography should result in no leakage of fluorescein dye through the retinal blood vessels.Abnormal resultsAbnormal results of an angiography may display a restricted blood vessel or arterial blood flow (ischemia) or an irregular placement or location of blood vessels. The results of an angiography vary widely by the type of procedure performed, and should be interpreted and explained to the patient by a trained radiologist.ArteriosclerosisA chronic condition characterized by thickening and hardening of the arteries and the build-up of plaque on the arterial walls. Arteriosclerosis can slow or impair blood circulation.Carotid arteryAn artery located in the neck.CatheterA long, thin, flexible tube used in angiography to inject contrast material into the arteries.CirrhosisA c ondition characterized by the destruction of healthy liver tissue. A cirrhotic liver is scarred and cannot break down the proteins in the bloodstream. Cirrhosis is associated with portal hypertension.EmbolismA blood clot, air bubble, or clot of foreign material that travels and blocks the flow of blood in an artery. When blood supply to a tissue or organ is blocked by an embolism, infarction, or death of the tissue the artery feeds, occurs. Without immediate and appropriate treatment, an embolism can be fatal.Femoral arteryAn artery located in the groin area that is the most frequently accessed site for arterial puncture in angiography.Fluorescein dyeAn orange dye used to illuminate the blood vessels of the retina in fluorescein angiography.Fluoroscopic screenA fluorescent screen which displays moving x-rays of the body. Fluoroscopy allows the radiologist to visualize the guide wire and catheter he is moving through the patients artery.Guide wireA wire that is inserted into an arter y to guides a catheter to a certain location in the body.IscehmiaA lack of normal blood supply to a organ or body part because of blockages or constriction of the blood vessels.NecrosisCellular or tissue death skin necrosis may be caused by multiple, consecutive doses of radiation from fluoroscopic or x-ray procedures.PlaqueFatty material that is deposited on the inside of the arterial wall.Portal hypertensionA condition caused by cirrhosis of the liver. It is characterized by impaired or reversed blood flow from the portal vein to the liver, an enlarged spleen, and dilated veins in the esophagus and stomach.Portal vein thrombosisThe development of a blood clot in the vein that brings blood into the liver. Untreated portal vein thrombosis causes portal hypertension.For Your InformationBooks* Baum, Stanley, and Michael J. Pentecost, eds. Abrams Angiography. 4th ed.