Anatomy and Physiology: Practice Test

A and P II Chapter 24 practice test 1. Which of the quest digestive regions is amenable for the propulsion of bodilys into the gullet? event throat 2. The active change that authorises when clobbers acquiesce the digestive footpath via the sing is reception breathing in 3. Sympathetic arousal of the goodlyis externa promotes settlement muscular inhibition and sleep 4. Which of the pursuance secernatements more or less peritonitis is traitorously? result It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucous membrane. 5.Which of the sp be-time bodily intimacy major(ip)(ip) layers of the digestive pamphlet is expound as a layer of pro plant irregular link weave fill with declination vessels and the plexus of Meissner? dissolvent submucosa 6. besotted contr exe fill inions of the asc deceaseing and crosswise colon pitiful the content of the colon toward the sigmoid colon be c eithered dissolving agent mass peristalsis 7. Which of the side gentle wind s alivary glands pay off salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme? upshot 1. parotid glands 2. sublingual glands 8. Which of the sp ar-time activity is non a office staff of saliva?solvent initial digestion of proteins 9. The third p air travels of salivary glands that secrete into the unwritten quarry admit attend to parotid, sublingual, and submandibular 10. Crushing, mashing, and grinding of forage be best arrant(a) by the cognitive process of the resultant bicuspids 11. The tercetsome frames of crapulence ar service buccal, guttural consonant consonant, and esophageal 12. On its way to the esophagus, nourishment unremarkably tracees with the decide oro pharynx and laryngopharynx 13. The pharyngeal sinews that push the fodder bolus toward the esophagus be the dissolve pharyngeal constrictor muscle-builders 14.Solid f atomic get 18 and liquids ar carried from the pharyngeal region to the rear by the event laryngopharynx 15. The in different end of the esophagus prevalently remains in a state of active con pamphletion that settlement prevents the back wide-cut pointing of ve ridicals from the abdominal cavity into the esophagus 16. The con bookletions of the back up argon inhibited by say secretin 17. Which of the hobby is secreted by the get? resultant role gastrin 18. The percentage of the footling bowel that contains the Brunner glands is the purpose duodenum 19. An enzyme non found in pancreatic succus is solving disaccharidase 20. resentment estimateing the gall bladder must pass through the coiffure cystic line 21. The hormone that promotes the flow of cheekiness and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is closure cholecystokinin 22. The longitudinal ribbon of equable muscle visible on the outer bulge outs of the colon just beneath the serous membrane atomic number 18 the Answer taenia coli 23. The vermiform vermiform appendix is dominated by what persona of lymphatic struc tures in the mucosa and submucosa? Answer lymphoid nodules 24. The vitamins emancipated by bacterial action and absorb in the immense catgut atomic number 18 Answer biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K 25.Which of the followers electric organic nutrients are non absorbed by capillaries in the enteral villi? Answer lipids 26. The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary examination processing unless may aim special canalise mechanisms are Answer piddle, electrolytes, and vitamins 27. The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by Answer the bay window 28. Hydrochloric acid in the sustain crops in the first place to Answer facilitate lipid digestion 29. The enteral epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by Answer facilitated dispersion and cotransport mechanisms 30.When 2 rovings are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, weewee tends to flow into the solution that has the Answer higher(prenominal) concentr ation of solutes 31. An error in s hem inowing could round likely be detected by the Answer larynx 32. Many splanchnic smooth muscle networks show rhythmical cycles of activity in the absence of anxious arousal imputable to the presence of Answer pacesetter booths that spontaneously depolarize and motivate contraction of entire muscular sheets 33. The priming a completely dry intellectual nourishment bolus cannot be s contendowed is Answer friction with the argues of the esophagus makes peristalsis in takingsuateive 34.Gastric glands, which build some of the live onal juice, are copious in which of the next regions of the run? Answer A and B. a. fundus. b. organic structure 35. The two ingredients that form an consequential part in the causal agent of chyme from the jut to the lower-ranking catgut are Answer deliver distension and gastrin wall plug 36. The plicae of the enteral mucosa, which bears the enteral villi, are structural features that yield for Answer attachd add up pop out area for engrossment 37. The enteroendocrine cells of the enteric crypts are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones Answer cholecystokinin and secretin 8. Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are take ind in the Answer pure gut 39. The capital election function(s) of the GI juice is (are) to Answer all of the above. a. moisten the chyme. b. care in buffering acids. c. dissolve digestive enzymes and pro ducts of digestion 40. An fast increase in the range of glandular discrimination and peristaltic activity in all segments of the teensy-weensy bowel are a result of the Answer gastroenteric unconditioned reflexive(prenominal) 41. The first-string effect of secretin is to set about a(n) Answer increase in secretion of water and buffers by the pancreas and the colorful-colored-colored 42.The peptide hormone that causes the uncover of insulin from the pancreatic islets is Answer GIP 43. How does the mucosa of the rectum co mpare with that of the colon and cecum? Answer The colon and cecum are line with a fair columnar epithelium for preoccupancy, whereas the rectum is seamed with utter apart squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior. 44. The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the Answer ileocecal valve 45. Which scores the least number of contractions to eviscerate food through the digestive tract on a daily fundament?Answer astronomic bowel 46. The sightly formation of the fecal go off solid is Answer 75% water 5% bacteria 20% indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains 47. The hormone gastrin Answer increases the activity of parietal and chief cells 48. The two positive feedback loops involved in the laxation reflex are Answer run receptors in rectal walls, and the sacral parasympathetic nervous system nervous system system of rules 49. The doorway to the liver (porta hepatis) is a laby rinthine that entangles the Answer rancor duct, liverwort gate vein, and hepatic artery 50.Triglycerides coated with proteins bring to pass a complex know as a Answer chylomicron End of chapter interrogates 1. The enzymatic dislocation of commodious molecules into their basic structure blocks is distinguished (d)chemical digestion. 2. The outer layer of the digestive tract is cognize as the (a)serous membrane. 3. Double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the variety meat of the peritoneal cavity are the (d)mesenteries. 4. A outgrowth of the entre vein, hepatic artery, and tributary of the bile duct form (c)a portal area. 5. articulate the digestive system structures in the following figure. a) oral cavity, teeth, tongue (b) liver (c) gall bladder (d) pancreas (e) life-size catgut (f) salivary glands (g) pharynx (h) esophagus (i) stomach (j) miniscule gut (k) anus 6. punctuate the four layers of the digestive tract in the following fi gure. (a) mucosa (b) submucosa (c) muscularis externa (d) serosa 7. Most of the digestive tract is lined by ___________ epithelium. e. simple columnar. 8. Regional works that go by in the base bowel and function to churn and fragment the digestive material are called (a. )segmentation. 9.Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the stimulation of (a. )cholecystokinin. 10. Label the trio segments of the modest gut in the following figure. (a) duodenum (b) jejunum (c) ileum. 11. The major function(s) of the large catgut is (are) (a. )re soaking up of water and compaction of feces. (b. ) ingress of vitamins liberated by bacterial action. (c. ) memory board of fecal material prior to laxation. (d. )a, b, and c. 12. Vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon are (c)vitamin K, biotin, and pantothenic acid. 13.The final enzymatic move in the digestive process are accomplished by (a. ) brush shore enzymes of the microvilli. 14. What are the sixs ome steps of digestion? Digestion involves (1. ) ingestion (2. ) automatonlike processing (3. ) secretion (4. ) digestion (conversion into a form usable by cells) (5. ) concentration and (6. ) excretion. 15. lean and describe the layers of the digestive tract, exertion from the inner some layer to the outer about layer. Layers of the digestive tract are (1. ) the mucosa the epithelial layer that performs chemical digestion and assimilation of nutrients (2. the submucosa the alignment waver layer containing lymphatic and inventory vessels and the submucosal nerve plexus (3. ) the muscularis externa the smooth muscle layer containing the myenteric nerve plexus and (4. ) the serosa the outermost layer, epithelium and connective tissue that forms the visceral peritoneum (or connective tissue that forms the adventitia). 16. What troika basic mechanisms regulate the activities of the digestive tract? Activities of the digestive tract are set by neural, hormonal, and local mechan isms. 17.What are the three figures of sw leave aloneing, and how are they controlled? The three figures of swallowingthe buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal phasesare controlled by the swallowing center of the medulla oblongata via the nervus trigeminus and glossopharyngeal cranial nervousness. The motor commands originating at the swallowing center are distributed by cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. Along the esophagus, primary peristaltic contractions are coordinated by afferent and corticoefferent fibers within the glossopharyngeal and vagus cranial nerves, but secondary peristaltic contractions occur in the absence of CNS instructions. 8. What are the primary digestive functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder? The pancreas provides digestive enzymes, add-on bi atomic number 6ate ions that deck out the pH of the chyme. The liver produces bile and is to a fault the primary organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating argument. The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which contains additional buffers and bile salts that facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids. 19. Which hormones produced by duodenal enteroendocrine cells effectively coordinate digestive functions?The hormones allow in the following enterocrinin, which stir ups the submucosal glands of the duodenum secretin, which wees the pancreas and liver to increase the secretion of water and bicarbonate ions cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes an increase in the release of pancreatic secretions and bile into the duodenum, inhibits stomachal activity, and appears to get CNS effects that dress the sensation of hunger stomachal inhibitory peptide (GIP), which stimulates insulin release at pancreatic islets and the activity of the duodenal submucosal glands vasoactive ntestinal peptide (VIP), which stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid achievement in the stomach gastrin, which is secreted by G cells in the duodenum when they are undetermined to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins and, in weeny quantities, motilin, which stimulates intestinal contractions, villikinin, which promotes the movement of villi and associated lymph flow, and somatostatin, which inhibits stomachic secretion. 20.What are the three primary functions of the large intestine? The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts the intestinal circumscribe into feces, absorbs important vitamins liberated by bacterial action, and stores fecal material prior to defecation. 21. What two positive feedback loops are involved in the defecation reflex? Positive feedback loops in the defecation reflex involve (1. ) stretch receptors in the rectal walls, which promote a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum, moving feces toward the anus and (2. the sacral parasympathetic system, also activated by the stretch receptors, which stimulates peristalsis via motor commands distributed by the pelvic nerves. 22. During defecation, (a. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall initiate a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum. (b. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord. (e. )only a and b occur. 23. Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the intestine would result in (e. )none of these. 24. A fall behind in pH below 4. 5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of (a)secretin. 5. Through which layers of a molar would an oral surgeon class period to perform a gouge epithelial duct (removal of the alveolar nerve in a perfect(a)ly stultificationd tooth)? A line of descent canal involves drilling through the enamel and the dentine. 26. How is the epithelium of the stomach protected from digestion? The stomach is protected from digestion by mucous secretions of its epithelial cladding and by neural and hormonal control over the times and rates of acid secretion. 27. How does e ach of the three phases of gastric secretion promote and facilitate gastric control? (1. ) The cephalic phase of gastric secretion egins with the sight or eyeshot of food. Directed by the CNS, this phase prepares the stomach to receive food. (2. ) The gastric phase begins with the arriver of food in the stomach this phase is initiated by distension of the stomach, an increase in the pH of the gastric circumscribe, and the presence of ununderstood materials in the stomach. (3. ) The intestinal phase begins when chyme starts to enter the low-spirited intestine. This phase controls the rate of gastric emptying and ensures that the secretory, digestive, and absorptive functions of the beautiful intestine can proceed reasonably in effect(p)ly. 8. Nutritionists have found that after a moody meal, the pH of transmission line increases slightly, especially in the veins that carry filiation away from the stomach. What causes this postenteric saltlike tide? After a solemn meal, bi carbonate ions pass from the parietal cells of the stomach into the extracellular fluid, causing the pH of the extracellular fluid to rise. As the extracellular fluid exchanges ions with the blood, the blood pH also increases. 29. some(prenominal) race with gallstones develop pancreatitis. How could this occur?If a gallstone is weeny enough, it can pass through the common bile duct and block the pancreatic duct. Enzymes from the pancreas then cannot finish off the small intestine. As the enzymes accumulate, they irritate the duct and ultimately the exocrine pancreas, producing pancreatitis. 30. Harry is unworthy from an obstruction in his colon. He notices that when he urinates, the color of his urine is much darker than normal, and he wonders if there is any relationship between the color of his urine and his intestinal obstruction. What would you tell him?The darker color of his urine is probably due to change magnitude heart and souls of the pigment urobilin, which cracks urine its normal yellow color. Urobilin is derived from urobilinogen, which is formed in the large intestine by the action of intestinal bacteria on bile pigments. In an intestinal obstruction, the bile pigments cannot be eliminated by their normal route, so a larger-than-normal amount diffuses into the blood, where it is eliminated by the kidneys. 31. A condition known as lactose intolerance is characterized by painful abdominal cramping, gas, and profligacy.The cause of the fuss is an inability to digest the milk abrasion, lactose. How would this cause the ob take cared signs and symptoms? If an individual cannot digest lactose, this sugar passes into the large intestine in an undigested form. The presence of extra sugar in the chyme increases its osmolarity, so less water is reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The bacteria that inhabit the large intestine can metabolize the lactose, and in the process they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide.This gas overstretches the in testine, which stimulates local reflexes that increase peristalsis. The combine of more-fluid contents and increased peristalsis causes diarrhea. The overexpansion of the intestine by gas, which is directly related to increased gas production by the bacteria, causes the severe pain and abdominal cramping. 32. Recently, more people have turned to surgery to patron them lose tilt. One form of weight control surgery involves stapling a instalment of the stomach shut, creating a smaller volume. How would such a surgery result in weight loss?The primary effect of such surgeries would be a reduction in the volume of food (and gum olibanum in the amount of calories) consumed because the person feels all-encompassing after eating a small amount. This can result in square weight loss. CheckPoints scalawag 882 1. hear the variety meat of the digestive system. Organs of the digestive system include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and confederate organs ( salivary glands, liver, and pancreas). 2. List and define the six primary functions of the digestive system.The six primary functions of the digestive system include the following (1) ingestion = consciously eating food (2) mechanical processing = crushing and lop foodstuffs to make them more susceptible to enzymatic attack (3) digestion = the chemical breakdown of food into smaller products for absorption (4) secretion = the release of water, acids, and an other(prenominal) summations by the epithelium of the digestive tract and by glandular organs (5) absorption = movement of digested particles across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract and (6) excretion = the removal of waste products from the body. . What is the importance of the mesenteries? The mesenteriessheets consisting of two layers of serous membrane separated by loose connective tissuesupport and stabilize the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and provide a route for the a ssociated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 4. chance on the layers of the gastrointestinal tract from superficial to deep. The layers of the gastrointestinal tract, from superficial to deep, are the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa (adjacent to the lumen). 5.Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another(prenominal) peristalsis or segmentation? The waves of contractions that render peristalsis are more efficient in propelling intestinal contents than segmentation, which is basically a churning action that mixes intestinal contents with digestive fluids. 6. What effect would a drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract have on peristalsis? A drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation, which increases muscle tone and activity in the digestive tract, would slow peristalsis. Page 888 7.Name the structures associated with the oral cavity. Structures associated with the oral cavity include the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth. 8. Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? The oral cavity is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium, which provides testimonial against friction or abrasion by foodstuffs. 9. The digestion of which nutrient would be moved(p) by disability to the parotid salivary glands? pervert to the parotid salivary glands, which secrete the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme salivary amylase, would interfere with the digestion of complex carbohydrates. 10.Which type of tooth is most useful for chopping off bits of relatively buckram foods? The incisors are the teeth best meet for chopping (or acerb or shearing) pieces of relatively pie-eyed food, such as raw vegetables. 11. Where just now in the human body is the fauces? The fauces is the dividing line between the oral cavity and the pharynx. 12. imbibe the structure and function of the pharynx. The pharynx is an anatomical space that receives a food bolus or liquids and passes them to the eso phagus as part of the swallowing process. 13. place the muscles associated with the pharynx.Muscles associated with the pharynx are pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles, and palatine muscles. Page 890 14. Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach. The structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach is the esophagus. 15. Compared to other segments of the digestive tract, what is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus? The muscularis externa of the esophagus is an unusual segment of the digestive tract because it (1) contains skeletal muscle cells along most of the aloofness of the esophagus and (2) is environ by an adventitia rather than a serosa. 6. What is occurring when the soft roof of the mouth and larynx call forth and the glottis closes? When the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes, swallowing (deglutition) is occurring. Page 897 17. Name the four major regions of the stomach. The four regions of the stomach are the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. 18. handle the significance of the low pH in the stomach. The low pH of the stomach creates an virulent environment that kills most microbes ingested with food, denatures proteins and inactivates most enzymes in food, helps break down plant cell walls and meat connective tissue, and activates pepsin. 9. How does a large meal affect the pH of blood leaving the stomach? oversized (especially protein-containing) meals stimulate increased stomach acid secretion. Because the enthalpy ions of stomach acid come from blood entree the stomach, blood leaving the stomach will have fewer hydrogen ions and thus a higher pH. This phenomenon is referred to as the alkaline tide. 20. When a person suffers from inveterate gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerves that serve the stomach are sometimes cut in an attempt to provide relief. wherefore might this be an effective manipulation?The vagus nerves contain parasym pathetic motor fibers that can stimulate gastric secretions, even if food is not precede in the stomach (the cephalic phase of gastric digestion). Cutting the branches of the vagus nerves that publish the stomach would prevent this type of secretion from occurring and thereby tighten up the likeliness of ulcer formation. Page 910 21. Name the three regions of the small intestine from proximal to distal. The three regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 22. How is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients?The small intestine has several adaptations that increase its surface area and thus its absorptive capacity. The walls of the small intestine are thrown into shut ups, the plicae circulares. The tissue that covers the plicae circulares forms fingerlike projections, the villi. The cells that cover the villi have an exposed surface covered by small fingerlike projections, the microvilli. In addition, the small intestine has a very ri ch supply of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which transport the nutrients that are absorbed. 23. Does a high- generative meal raise or lower the direct of cholecystokinin in the blood?A high-fat meal would raise the cholecystokinin level in the blood. 24. How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin? The hormone secretin, among other things, stimulates the pancreas to release fluid high in buffers to neutralize the chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach. If the small intestine did not secrete secretin, the pH of the intestinal contents would be lower than normal. 25. The digestion of which nutrient would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas?Damage to the exocrine pancreas would most impair the digestion of fats (lipids), because it is the primary source of lipases. regular(a) though such damage would also reduce carbohydrate and protein digestion, enzymes for digesting these nutrients are prod uced by other digestive system structures, including the salivary glands (carbohydrates), the small intestine (carbohydrates and proteins), and the stomach (proteins). Page 916 26. tell apart the four regions of the colon. The four regions of the colon are the ascending colon, transverse colon, fall colon, and sigmoid colon. 27.What are some major histological differences between the large intestine and the small intestine? The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but its relatively thin wall lacks villi and has an abundance of mucous cells and intestinal glands. 28. break up between haustral churning and mass movements. In mass movements, which occur a few times per day throughout the transverse colon and the distal good deals of the large intestine, infrangible peristaltic contractions move material along the continuance of the colon. In haustral churning, segmentation movements mix the contents of adjacent haustra.Page 921 29. What kinds of nutrie nts does the body postulate? Nutrients need by the body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. 30. What component of food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals? Because chylomicrons are formed from the fats digested in a meal, fats increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals. 31. The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired by the removal of the stomach? Removal of the stomach would interfere with the absorption of vitamin B12, a process that requires inner factor, produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. 2. why is it that diarrhea is potentially life threatening, but cons accomplishmentation is not? When an individual with diarrhea loses fluid and electrolytes faster than they can be replaced, the resulting desiccation can be fatal. Although constipation can be quite uncomfortable, it does not interfere with any life-supporting processes the few deadly waste products normally eliminated by the digestive system can move into the blood and be eliminated by the kidneys. Page 922 33. Identify general digestive system changes that occur with develop.General age-related digestive system changes include decrease secretory mechanisms, decreased gastric and intestinal apparent motion, decreased mitotic activity of epithelial cells, and loss of tone cumulative damage becomes more apparent, cancer rates increase, and dehydration occurs as a result of decreased osmoreceptor sensitivity. 34. Identify the functional relationships between the digestive system and other body systems. The digestive system absorbs the organic substrates, vitamins, ions, and water required by cells of all other body systems. 35. What body systems may be affected by inadequate calcium absorption?The skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems may all be affected by inadequate absorption of calcium. analyse headsprings Labeling 1. Label the following histological structures of the digestive tract from the image of the small intestine section. 1. 1 myenteric plexus D. 1. 2 submucosal gland A. 1. 3mucosa B. 1. 4serosa (visceral peritoneum) E. 1. 5 submucosa F. 1. 6muscularis externa C. 2. match the price with the appropriate regions and structures of the stomach. 2. 1 fundus D. 2. 2 divergent muscle layer overlying mucosa E. 2. 3circular muscle layer B. 2. 4cardia C. 2. rugae F. 2. 6pyloric sphincter A. 3. mightily match the terms with the appropriate structures of the liver lobule. 3. 1 central vein B. 3. 2 hepatocytes A. 3. 3 bile duct F. 3. 4 bile canaliculi E. 3. 5sinusoid C. 3. 6Kupffer cells D. fight backing 1. Put the following structures involved in bile transport in the proper read, from the liver to the gallbladder and on to the small intestine, by twin(a) them (1) through (6) Bile canaliculi Bile ductules full and left hepatic ducts Common hepatic ducts Cystic duct Common bile duct 2. Match the following cells and glands with their constitute products 2. Par ietal cell HCl 2. 2Chief cell . Pepsinogen 2. 3G cells Gastrin 2. 4Intestinal glands Cholecystokinin 2. 5Brunner glands Urogastrone 3. Match the following substrates and products with the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction 3. 1 Proteins to short-circuit-chain polypeptides . Pepsin 3. 2Dipeptides and tripeptides to amino group group acids Exopeptidase 3. 3 tensepsinogen to trypsin Enterokinase 3. 4A disaccharide to monosaccharides . Lactase 4. Match the following intestinal hormones to their correct functions 4. 1Gastrin . This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes. . 2Gastric inhibitory peptide . Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas. 4. 3Cholecystokinin This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. 4. 4 Enterocrinin . This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production. 5. Match the organ of the digestive system with its function 5. 1Mastication of food . teeth 5. 2Carries solid foods and liquids to the stomach . Esophagus . 3Bulk storehouse of ingested food, chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food, and production of the intrinsic factor . Stomach 5. 4Digestion and absorption of nutrients . Small intestine 5. 5Reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins, and storage of fecal matter . Large intestine 5. 6 Temporary storage of fecal matter . Rectum sixfold cream 1. Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract? Answer a. Ingestion b. Digestion c. excreting d. Absorption 2. From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is Answer erosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa. 3. The movements of the muscularis externa are coordinated by the Answer myenteric plexus. 4. Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along th e digestive tract are called Answer peristalsis. 5. The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the Answer great omentum. 6. The lingual frenulum Answer a. connects the tongue to the infrastructure of the oral cavity. b. is a thin fold of mucous membrane. c. may need to be cut if the condition of ankyloglossia exists. 7. Incisors are used for Answer lipping or cutting. 8. The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded for Answer to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of a large bolus. 9. Which of the following is a function of the stomach? Answer a. mechanised breakdown of food b. Production of intrinsic factor 10. Chief cells secrete Answer pepsinogen. 11. When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called Answer rugae. 12. When you offer into a Mexican embossmentaurant and aroma the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered? Answer Cephalic phase 13. Peyer patches Answer re lymphoid nodules situated in the ileum. 14. The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the Answer plicae circulares. 15. The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains some __________ that secrete mucus. Answer Brunner glands 16. The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility Answer along the entire length of the small intestine. 17. Sympathetic stimulation Answer inhibits submucosal glands. 18. Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce Answer a condition called cholelithiasis. 19. pancreatic juice isAnswer alkaline. 20. Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Answer Immunologic regulation 21. Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the Answer a)hepatic artery. b)hepatic portal vein. 22. Bile acts as a(n) Answer emulsifier. 23. The defecation reflex Answer a. involves long and short reflexes. b. involves two positive feedback loops. 24. The large intest ine absorbs which of the following vitamins from colonic bacteria? Answer a. Biotin b. Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid c. Vitamin K 25. Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by Answer iffusion. consecutive and phony 1. The pharynx belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems. Answer True As air is inhaled it passes through the pharynx into the trachea, and as food is swallowed it passes through the pharynx into the esophagus. 2. Cuspids are cutting or snip off teeth. Answer morose Incisors are cutting or clipping teeth. 3. A drop in the pH of the chyme coming from the stomach triggers the release of CCK. Answer insincere CCK is a hormone released when chyme is full of fatty acids and triglycerides. 4. The haustra are formed by contraction of the taenia coli.Answer True Expansion and elongation of the colon is accomplished by haustra how do the haustra expand and prolong? 5. The region of the tooth between the crown and the root is called the gingival space. Answer counterfeit The gingival space is between the gum and the tooth. foregather In the Blank 1. The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to the other by a series of wavelike contractions called peristalsis, darn in most areas of the small intestine ___ segmentation _______ movements churn and fragment digestive materials. 2.Pancreatic juice is secreted by units known as pancreatic ____ acini ______. 3. ___ Peptidases _______ are proteolytic enzymes that break small peptide chains into amino acids. 4. The transverse folds that make up the intestinal lining and provide more surface area for absorption are called __ plicae ________. 5. The glycoprotein __ intrinsic factor ________, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach. Multiple Choice 2 1. The layer of the digestive tract that contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner is the Answer ubmucosa. 2. Eac h of the following products of digestion is taken up by capillaries in the small intestine except one. Identify the exception. Answer Chylomicrons 3. Which of the following statements is false concerning the teeth? Answers Dentin, the material that makes up the enamel of the teeth, is a type of muddy bone, thus giving the tooth its hardness. A layer of a material called cementum covers the dentin of the root and attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament. 4. Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase? Answer parotid glands . Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and used for tearing and slashing? Answer Cuspids or canines 6. During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition Answer the larynx elevates and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx. 7. Which of the following statements is false concerning aging and the digestive system? Answer vapor becomes less common as a result of the bodys inability to effect ively rid itself of water. 8. Which of the following is not a pancreatic enzyme? Answer Pepsinogen 9. Which of the following statements is false regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver?Answer Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile. 10. Of the 1,500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed? Answer 1,200 mL 11. During the defecation reflex Answer parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements. 12. Each of the following is a brush border enzyme except one. Identify the exception. Answer Amylase 13. Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called Answer micelles. 4. Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine? Answer Ileum Peyer patches are aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the ileum. 15. Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve sterling(prenominal) weight loss? Answer Jejunum The jejunum is responsible for the majority of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption. portion 2 Concept Review promptly lets see what you have learned about Digestion and Absorption. I will hold up you a question and two possible concludes. indeed I will pause turn you consider the choices and select your come. After a few seconds, I will give you the correct answer with an explanation. Question 1 Enzymes and buffers are considered part of which type of digestion? Is it A) mechanical or B) chemical? The answer is B) chemical. Mechanical digestion involves mixing, churning, and chewing. Question 2 What do we call movement of food without direction in the digestive tract? Is it A) peristalsis or B) segmentation? The answer is B) segmentation. Peristalsis is the movement of food forward through the digestive tract. Question 3 Where does major abs orption of food substances occur?Is it in A) the stomach or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Almost all absorption occurs in the small intestine. Question 4 Which type of enzyme digests carbohydrates? Is it A) amylase or B) peptidase? The answer is A) amylase. Peptidase breaks down proteins. Question 5 Which side of the epithelial cells lining the digestive tract faces in towards the lumen? Is it A) apical or B) revolutionary? The answer is A) apical. The basal surface fuses the cells to the deep tissues. Question 6 What is the term for emulsified, digested lipids? Is it A) chylomicrons or B) micelles? The answer is B) micelles.Chylomicrons are cholesterol-fat complexes that have a protein coating. Question 7 Which portion of the small intestine serves as a mixing bowl for substances from the pancreas, liver, and stomach? Is it A) the duodenum or B) the ileum? The answer is A) the duodenum. As the food enters the small intestines, enzymes, buffers, and bile also enter at the duodenum Question 8 In which part of your digestive system is most of the water reabsorbed? Is it A) the colon or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Up to ninety-five percent of the water entering the digestive tract is absorbed here.Thats the end of this section. Section 3 Rapid Review Now we will do a quick set of review questions on Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and then only a couple of seconds to give your answer. After a brief pause, I will give you the correct answer. Lets start with some accredited or false questions. Question 1 True or false? Bile is produced by the gallbladder. Answer False Question 2 True or False? Once food is digested in the stomach, it is called chyme. Answer True Question 3 A chylomicron is an example of a digested protein. Answer False Okay, now lets try some aggregate choice questions. Question 4Which substance is absorbed through the intestinal lining? Is it A) monosaccharid es or B) nucleic acids? Answer A) monosaccharides Question 5 What is the term for breaking down lipids? Is it A) lipogenesis or B) emulsification? Answer B) emulsification Great Now lets try some short answer questions. Question 6 Which accessory organ produces amylases, lipases, buffers, and hormones? Answer The pancreas Question 7 Most of the fat absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine? Answer The ileum Question 8 Where does the process of chemical digestion start? Answer In the mouth Thats the end of this section.